NZS 4541:2020
Automatic fire sprinkler systems
NZS 4541 provides an integrated set of rules for the design, installation, and maintenance of sprinkler systems, so that systems reliably protect against the loss of life and minimise property damage from fire by controlling the fire: within a specified area, and to allow escape before levels of toxic by-products of combustion become life-threatening. This standard is used extensively across the fire protection industry. New Zealand has one of the highest recorded successful operations of fire sprinkler systems, which can be attributed to the rigorous standards and associated legislation to which systems are installed and maintained. The revised standard addresses the following areas: Fire protection of tall (>25 meters) and large (>11,000 square meters) buildings, Seismic restraint of pipework to align with NZS 1170.5 Structural design actions; Part 5 Earthquake actions - New Zealand, Inclusion of new technologies for car stackers and in-rack sprinkler systems for warehouses, editing of the standard and inclusion of the errata collected since the last revision in 2013.
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NZS 4541:2020 Automatic fire sprinkler systems
COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
COPYRIGHT
Referenced documents
Latest revisions
Review of standards
Foreword
1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Interpretation
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Abbreviations
1.5 Notations
1.6 Inspection testing and maintenance
1.7 Seismic resistance
1.8 Workmanship, competency, and qualifications
1.9 Typical arrangements
1.10 Welding compliance
1.11 Hydrostatic tests
1.12 Roles and responsibilites of SSC
1.13 Formal interpretations
1.14 Sprinkler system certificate of compliance methodology
1.15 Listing of contractors
1.16 Listing of equipment
1.17 Withdrawal of listing
1.18 Existing installations
1.19 Alternative design criteria
1.20 Sprinkler system decommissioning
2 Basic rules of design
2.1 Installer to be listed
2.2 Minimum required discharge and design flow
2.3 Determination of fire hazard
2.4 Extent of sprinkler protection
2.5 Fire loads adjoining, linked, or adjacent to the sprinkler-protected building or sprinkler-protected firecell
2.6 External fire loads adjacent to the sprinkler-protected building or sprinkler-protected firecell
2.7 Requirements for external sprinklers and internal drenchers
2.8 Permitted exceptions from sprinklering
2.9 Provision of block plan
2.10 Provision of supply reference information
2.11 Multistorey buildings
2.12 Buildings constructed with expanded plastic cored insulated panels
2.13 Features likely to impair sprinkler efficacy
3 Types of installations
3.1 General
3.2 Conventional sprinkler installations
3.3 Deluge installations
3.4 Water mist installations
3.5 Methods to determine water delivery for gas-filled sprinkler installations
4 System components
4.1 General
4.2 Sprinklers
4.3 Pipework
4.4 Valves
4.5 Enhanced safety valve set
4.6 Pressure gauges
4.7 Alarm devices
4.8 Storage height limitation indicators
4.9 Aerosol warning signs
4.10 Labelling
5 Location of sprinklers
5.1 General
5.2 Walls and partitions
5.3 Ceilings and roofs
5.4 Position of sprinklers
5.5 Vertical obstructions to sprinkler discharge
5.6 Columns
5.7 Open roof trusses
5.8 Clear space below sprinklers
5.9 Spacing and location of sidewall sprinklers
5.10 Locations or conditions requiring special consideration
5.11 Obstructions below sprinklers
5.12 Film and television production studios
5.13 Theatres and music halls
5.14 Fixtures and fittings
5.15 Skylight shafts
5.16 External sprinklers
5.17 Extended coverage ordinary hazard and extended coverage light hazard sprinklers – Special requirements
6 Water supply
6.1 General
6.2 Classes of water supply
6.3 Flow and pressure requirements
6.4 Town’s main, boosted town’s main, and supplemented town’s main
6.5 Pumped supplies – Water sources
6.6 Water storage
6.7 Pumped supplies – Pump units
6.8 Elevated tanks
6.9 Pressure tanks
6.10 Fire sprinkler inlets
6.11 Proving of water supplies
6.12 Private site fire mains (see 6.2.1 Class B2)
7 Extra light hazard system design data
7.1 Water supplies
7.2 Sprinkler type and spacing
7.3 Pipework
7.4 Storage areas and drying rooms
8 Ordinary hazard system design data
8.1 Design criteria, pipe sizing, and water supplies
8.2 Sprinkler type and spacing
8.3 Special requirements for vehicle stacker sprinkler systems
9 Extra high hazard system design data
9.1 Scope
9.2 Extra high hazard class terminology
9.3 General system design requirements
9.4 General installation requirements, EHH
9.5 Categorised commodities design requirements
10 Fully hydraulically calculated design
10.1 General
10.2 Design requirements
10.3 Determination of area of operation
10.4 Determination of design flow and pressure
10.5 Method of calculation
10.6 Documentation
11 Fire protection system shutdown precautions
11.1 General
11.2 Risk assessment
11.3 Notification and authorisation
11.4 Isolation tags for sections of a sprinkler system
11.5 Hot work precautions
11.6 Methods of temporarily isolating system sections
11.7 Interruption to water supplies
12 Routine testing, maintenance, and inspections
12.1 General
12.2 Routine tests and maintenance
12.3 Routine inspections
12.4 Twelve-yearly inspections
12.5 Testing of sprinklers
12.6 Water supply strainers
12.7 Testing of antifreeze solutions
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – TESTING OF DRY AND PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS – EXAMPLE FORM
APPENDIX B – ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF PROTECTION OF CERTAIN SMALL COMMUNITY BUILDINGS FOR WHICH A SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS NOT A LEGAL REQUIREMENT
APPENDIX C – EVALUATION OF CONTRACTORS BY A SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFIER
APPENDIX D – CERTIFICATE OF LISTING OF CONTRACTOR
APPENDIX E – SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
APPENDIX F – GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR LISTING BY A SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFIER (SSC)
APPENDIX G – RETROSPECTIVE UPGRADES
APPENDIX H – SPRINKLER SYSTEM STORAGE DECLARATION
APPENDIX J – MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
APPENDIX K – SPRINKLER PROTECTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED WITH FOAMED PLASTIC CORED INSULATED PANELS
APPENDIX L – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FROST PROTECTION MEASURES FOR FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
APPENDIX M – WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION
APPENDIX N – TEST CERTIFICATE FOR FLUSHING UNDERGROUND PIPING
APPENDIX O – ORIFICE PLATES
APPENDIX P – PIPEWORK DESIGN FOR SEISMIC RESILIENCE – FLOW CHARTS
APPENDIX Q – AEROSOL WARNING SIGNS
APPENDIX R – TESTING OF TERRITORIAL AUTHORITY WATER MAINS
APPENDIX S – INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED WHEN ORDERING A PUMP UNIT (SEE 6.7.1.4)
APPENDIX T – CONTACT DETAILS OF AGENCIES TO BE INFORMED WHEN A SPRINKLER INSTALLATION IS RENDERED INOPERATIVE
APPENDIX U – MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS FOR NON-STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
APPENDIX V – GUIDANCE ON THE TESTING OF SPRINKLERS
APPENDIX W – FROST PROTECTION – ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
INDEX
Tables
Table 2.1 – Representative schedule of occupancies and hazard classes
Table 2.2(a) – Limits on storage of conventional commodities in OH3 occupancies
Table 2.2(b) – Limits on incidental storage in OH1 and OH2 occupancies
Table 2.2(c) – Limits on incidental storage of special commodities in OH3 occupancies
Table 2.3 – Comparison of classification of flammable liquids designations as specified in NFPA 30 and Hazardous Substances (Classification) Regulations
Table 2.4 – Classification of external fire loads
Table 2.5 – Minimum separation distances
Table 2.6 – Block plan sprinkler information
Table 2.7 – Typical reference pressure schedule
Table 2.8 – Design data for protection of expanded plastic cored panels
Table 3.1 – Properties of antifreeze solutions
Table 3.2 – Gas-filled water delivery calculation design requirements
Table 4.1 – Acceptable types of sprinklers
Table 4.2 – Temperature classification of sprinklers – Rating and colour
Table 4.3 – Minimum distance from edge of heat sources to nearest sprinkler
Table 4.4 – Pipe and jointing options for underground pipework
Table 4.5 – Pipe and jointing options for above-ground pipework
Table 4.6 – Rates of flow required for flushing mains pipe diameters
Table 4.7 – Suitable supports
Table 4.8 – Zone values and shortest major fault distances D for New Zealand locations (north to south)
Table 4.9 – Component risk factor per building importance level
Table 4.10 – Mass of water-filled pipe
Table 4.11 – Maximum allowable lateral brace spacing (m)
Table 4.12 – Horizontal design loads for U-bolts
Table 4.13 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 30° to vertical
Table 4.14 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 45° to vertical
Table 4.15 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 60° to vertical
Table 4.16 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads of typical pipework brace elements with l/r = 100 (ULS design)
Table 4.17 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads of typical pipework brace elements with l/r = 200 (ULS design)
Table 4.18 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 25 NB medium wall pipe (ULS design)
Table 4.19 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 10 mm threaded rod (ULS design)
Table 4.20 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 12 mm threaded rod (ULS design)
Table 4.21 – Horizontal load capacity of typical connections (ULS Design)
Table 5.1 – Spacing arrangements
Table 5.2 – Sprinkler distances from obstructions
Table 5.3 – Maximum distance of residential sprinklers above bottom of ceiling obstruction (where not specified by manufacturer)
Table 5.4 – Obstructions to standard sidewall sprinkler discharge
Table 5.5 – Extra light hazard standard spray and extended coverage sprinklers distances from suspended or floor mounted obstructions (see Figure 5.10)
Table 5.6 – Sprinkler positioning above open grid or perforated ceilings and decks
Table 5.7 – Sprinkler protection requirements below open grid or perforated ceilings and grids
Table 5.8 – Sprinkler spacing rules for cloud skipping
Table 5.9 – External sprinkler spacing and location
Table 5.10 – ECOH and ECLH sprinkler distances from ceiling mounted obstructions (see Figure 5.16)
Table 6.1 – Duration of water supplies for EHH occupancies
Table 6.2 – Nominal fuel duration
Table 6.3 – Number of inlets
Table 7.1 – Minimum pipe sizes for pre-calculated extra light hazard sprinkler arrays
Table 7.2 – Friction losses for pipe diameters at 270 L/min
Table 8.1 – OH1, OH2, and OH3 sprinkler numbers for coverage areas
Table 8.2 – OH3S– Minimum design density of discharge for ceiling heights
Table 8.3 – Design criteria for storage of Category 1 to 4 commodities in OH4 occupancies storage height ≤ 3.7 m
Table 8.4 – Design criteria for storage of Category 5 and 6 commodities in OH4 occupancies storage height ≤ 3.7 m
Table 8.5 – Maximum number of sprinklers on tabular pipework
Table 8.6 – Loss of pressure per metre of pipe
Table 8.7 – Design criteria for vehicle stackers
Table 9.1 – Reference standards for special commodities
Table 9.2 – Design density and design area for process occupancies
Table 9.3 – Maximum area coverage per roof/ceiling sprinkler
Table 9.4 – Storage sprinklers under sloped ceilings
Table 9.5 – Spacing of ceiling-level storage sprinklers
Table 9.6 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of storage sprinklers (not extended coverage)
Table 9.7 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of extended coverage storage sprinklers
Table 9.8 – Installation guidelines to avoid obstructions to inner core distribution pattern of storage sprinklers
Table 9.9 – Hydraulic design for in-rack sprinkler systems
Table 9.10 – Hydraulic design for ceiling-level sprinkler systems supplemented with in-rack sprinklers
Table 9.11 – Number of sprinklers in the in-rack design
Table 9.12 – Minimum flow in the in-rack design
Table 9.13 – Summary of ceiling-level protection tables
Table 9.14(a) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Categories 1, 2, and 3 commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(b) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Category 4 and Category 5 cartoned unexpanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(c) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for cartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(d) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(e) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(f) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Categories 1, 2, and 3 commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(g) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(h) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for cartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(i) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(j) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(k) – Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for Categories 1 and 2 commodities protected by dry-pipe and similar sprinkler systems
Table 9.14(l) – Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for Category 3 commodities protected by dry-pipe and similar sprinkler systems
Table 10.1 – Accuracy required for dimensions used in design requirements calculations
Table 10.2 – Values of R for steel and chlorinated PVC pipes
Table 10.3 – Hazen-Williams loss of pressure factors for flow direction changes in pipes
Table 12.1 – Routine tests and maintenance frequency tolerances
Table C1 – Scope of listing
Table H1 – Representative list of material categories
Table J1 – Commodity and category examples – Alphabetical listing
Table J2 – Commodity and category examples – Listed by category
Table O1 – Pipes of 50 mm and 65 mm diameter and 500 L/min flow
Table O2 – Pipes of 80 mm to 200 mm diameter and 5000 L/min flow
Figures
Figure 1.1 – Definition of range and distribution pipes
Figure 1.2 – Typical fire sprinkler system
Figure 2.1(a) – Link to unprotected building with eave height ≥ 600 mm
Figure 2.1(b) – Link to unprotected building with eave height 600 mm
Figure 2.2 – Typical external sprinklers
Figure 2.3 – Permitted exceptions from sprinklering of concealed spaces
Figure 2.4 – Display of water supply reference information
Figure 3.1 – Typical subsidiary floor valve arrangement
Figure 3.2 – Typical tail-end antifreeze installation valves
Figure 4.1(a) – Hazard factor, Z, for the North Island
Figure 4.1(b) – Hazard factor, Z, for the South Island
Figure 4.2 – Bracing in two orthogonal horizontal directions
Figure 4.3 – Maximum lateral brace spacing
Figure 4.4 – Location of pipework bracing
Figure 4.5(a) – Examples of tributary lengths of pipe in the zone of influence for braces (east-west)
Figure 4.5(b) – Examples of tributary lengths of pipe in the zone of influence for braces (north-south)
Figure 4.6 – Elements of lateral braces for horizontal pipe
Figure 4.7 – Elements of longitudinal braces for horizontal pipe
Figure 4.8 – Elements of braces for vertical pipe
Figure 4.9 – Option to brace horizontal pipe using two opposing diagonal elements
Figure 4.10 – Four-way bracing on vertical pipe using two diagonal elements
Figure 4.11 – Diagram of vertical force component Fv
Figure 4.12 – Seismic separation assembly (SSA)
Figure 4.13 – Droppers to non-structural elements
Figure 4.14 Short droppers
Figure 4.15 – Long droppers
Figure 4.16 – Configuration of air supply for dry pipe systems in refrigerated areas
Figure 4.17 – Enhanced safety valve set arrangement
Figure 4.18 – Wet pipe control valve showing an acceptable arrangement for type ‘X’ signalling complying with 4.7.2.2.1
Figure 4.19 – Wet pipe control valve showing an acceptable arrangement for type ‘Y’ signalling complying with 4.7.2.2.2
Figure 4.20 – Typical dry pipe control valve arrangement
Figure 4.21 – Arrangement for single sprinkler system
Figure 4.22 – Arrangement for multiple sprinkler systems
Figure 4.23 – Storage height limitation sign
Figure 5.1 – Example of application of 5.2.4
Figure 5.2(a) – Shadow area in corridor
Figure 5.2(b) – Example of a shadow area
Figure 5.3 – Positioning of sprinkler heads
Figure 5.4 – Sprinkler distances from obstructions
Figure 5.5 – Obstruction area to umbrella pattern of pendent and upright non-storage sprinklers (excluding extended-coverage sprinklers)
Figure 5.6 – Position of residential sprinkler deflector when located above the bottom of a ceiling obstruction
Figure 5.7 – Installation of horizontal sidewall sprinklers using soffits
Figure 5.8 – Sprinkler positions for machines in tiers
Figure 5.9 – Location of sprinklers in extraction ducts
Figure 5.10 – Position of sprinkler head to avoid suspended or floor mounted obstruction to sprinkler discharge (extra light hazard standard spray and extended coverage sprinklers )
Figure 5.11 – Open grid ceilings dimension definitions
Figure 5.12 – Additional sprinklers installed below flat, continuous, solid obstructions between 0.8 m and 3.0 m wide
Figure 5.13 – Additional sprinklers installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions between 0.8 m and 3.0 m wide with flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 5.14 – Additional sprinklers installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions between 1.2 m and 3.0 m wide without a flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 5.15 – Sprinkler positioning under eaves
Figure 5.16 – Position of sprinkler head to avoid obstruction to sprinkler discharge (extended coverage upright and pendent spray sprinklers)
Figure 5.17 – Minimum distance from obstruction (extended coverage upright and pendent spray sprinklers)
Figure 6.1 – Water supply classes – Typical diagrammatic layouts
Figure 6.2 – Diagrammatic key to water supply requirements
Figure 6.4 – Permissible supply to hydrants from town’s main sprinkler connections – Diagrammatic layout (Class C1 supply)
Figure 6.5 – Illustrative example of hydrant allowance (see 6.4.1.7.2)
Figure 6.6 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main without pressure relief line
Figure 6.7 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main with pressure relief line
Figure 6.8 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main with pressure reducing valve system
Figure 6.9 – Typical arrangement for supplemented town’s main (using infill tank)
Figure 6.10 – Typical arrangement for pump and tank supply
Figure 6.11 – Typical arrangement for Class A2 water supply
Figure 6.12 – Pump suction waterway fittings
Figure 6.13 – Diesel engine water cooling unit
Figure 6.14 – Diesel engine controller logic unit
Figure 6.15 – FSI standard requirements
Figure 6.16 – Details of box lock
Figure 6.17 – Fire sprinkler inlet arrangement for multiple valve sets
Figure 8.1 – Typical arrangement of open-frame vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.2 – Typical arrangement of single column vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.3 – Typical arrangement of single-row vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.4 – Typical arrangement of pit vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.5 –Typical arrangement of pit vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 9.1(a) – Double-row racks – Without solid or slatted shelves
Figure 9.1(b) – Double-row racks – With solid shelves
Figure 9.1(c) – Double-row racks – With slatted shelves
Figure 9.2 – Typical double-row (back-to-back) rack arrangement
Figure 9.3(a) – Multiple-row rack – Flow-through racks
Figure 9.3(b) – Multiple-row rack – Double deep rack, serviced by reach (forklifts) truck
Figure 9.4 – Typical pallets
Figure 9.5 – Portable racks
Figure 9.6(a) – Rack storage – Automatic storage type rack
Figure 9.6(b) – Rack storage – Flow-through pallet rack
Figure 9.6(c) – Rack storage – Drive-in rack, two or more pallets deep – Forklift truck drives into rack to deposit or withdraw loads in the depth of the rack
Figure 9.6(d) – Rack storage – Cantilever rack
Figure 9.7 – Portable rack using wood pallet base and steel frame
Figure 9.8 – Examples of adjacent areas with differing design criteria
Figure 9.9 – Maximum increase in linear and area spacing to avoid obstructing sprinkler discharge
Figure 9.10 – Location of sprinklers under non-smooth ceilings
Figure 9.11 – Quick response sprinklers installed under automatic smoke and heat vents
Figure 9.12 – Quick response sprinklers installed under ceiling-level exhaust devices
Figure 9.13 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of storage sprinklers (not extended coverage)
Figure 9.14 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of extended coverage storage sprinklers
Figure 9.15 – Obstruction to inner core discharge pattern of ceiling-level storage sprinklers
Figure 9.16 – Upright storage sprinklers can tolerate individual objects up to 100 mm wide located directly below them at any vertical distance.
Figure 9.17 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects up to 20 mm wide
Figure 9.18 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 20 mm and up to 32 mm wide
Figure 9.19 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 32 mm and up to 50 mm wide
Figure 9.20 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 50 mm and up to 300 mm wide
Figure 9.21 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 300 mm and up to 600 mm wide
Figure 9.22 – Additional sprinklers installed below flat, continuous solid obstructions from over 0.6 m wide to 3.0 m wide
Figure 9.23 – Additional sprinkler installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions more than 0.6 m wide up to 3.0 m wide
Figure 9.24 – Additional sprinkler installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions over 0.6 m and up to 3.0 m wide without a flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 9.25 – Additional sprinklers installed within storage racks to account for obstructions to the inner core distribution pattern of a sprinkler
Figure 9.26 – Elevation view of in-rack sprinkler locations with roof level to previous editions of the standard
Figure 9.27(a) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks
Figure 9.27(b) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks
Figure 9.27(c) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.28(a) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks
Figure 9.28(b) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement in longitude flue only double-row racks
Figure 9.28(c) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks
Figure 9.28(d) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.29(a) – Fire Protection Scheme A within single-row racks
Figure 9.29(b) – Fire Protection Scheme A within double-row racks
Figure 9.29(c) – Fire Protection Scheme A within multiple-row racks
Figure 9.30(a) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 0.9 m deep
Figure 9.30(b) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 1.8 m deep
Figure 9.30(c) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 1.8 m deep located against wall
Figure 9.30(d) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks up to 2.7 m deep
Figure 9.30(e) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks up to 3.7 m deep
Figure 9.30(f) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.31 – Determining ceiling height in applicable protection table
Figure 9.32(a) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in single-row racks, Option 3
Figure 9.32(b) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in single-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(c) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in double-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(d) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in double-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(e) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in multiple-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(f) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in multiple-row racks, Option 2
Figure 10.1 – Determination of mean area per sprinkler
Figure 10.2 – Location and shape of hydraulically ‘most remote’ area of operation
Figure 11.1 – Typical form for notifying that an installation is to be rendered inoperative
Figure 11.2 – Typical form for isolation tag card
Figure 12.1 – Density of propylene glycol in solution
Figure 12.2 – Specific gravity of glycerine in solution (% by volume)
Figure B1 – Option for arrangement of control valves
Figure B2 – Building owner declaration form
Figure E1 – Compliance flow chart for new systems
Figure E2 – Compliance flow chart for biennial inspections (see 12.3.1)
Figure E3 – Compliance flow chart for extensions or alterations to existing systems (see 1.14.5.)
Figure E4 – Compliance flow chart for systems installed to other standards (see Appendix G)
Figure H1 – Declaration of storage intentions
Figure N1 – Flow rates by pipe diameter
Figure N2 – Test certificate for flushing underground piping
Figure P1 – Design sprinkler system seismic resilience
Figure P2 – Determine seismic coefficient C
Figure P3 – Design of braces
Figure Q1 – Example of a graphic symbol to accompany warning signs prohibiting the storage of aerosols
Figure R1 – Water supply flow graph
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References
Conformity assessment - Requirements for bodies providing audit and certification of management systems - Part 1: Requirements
Related Information
Building Code Compliance Document C
Ministry: Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment - Building Systems Performance (BSP)
Section: AS1, AS2, VM2
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NZS 4541:2020 Automatic fire sprinkler systems
COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
COPYRIGHT
Referenced documents
Latest revisions
Review of standards
Foreword
1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Interpretation
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Abbreviations
1.5 Notations
1.6 Inspection testing and maintenance
1.7 Seismic resistance
1.8 Workmanship, competency, and qualifications
1.9 Typical arrangements
1.10 Welding compliance
1.11 Hydrostatic tests
1.12 Roles and responsibilites of SSC
1.13 Formal interpretations
1.14 Sprinkler system certificate of compliance methodology
1.15 Listing of contractors
1.16 Listing of equipment
1.17 Withdrawal of listing
1.18 Existing installations
1.19 Alternative design criteria
1.20 Sprinkler system decommissioning
2 Basic rules of design
2.1 Installer to be listed
2.2 Minimum required discharge and design flow
2.3 Determination of fire hazard
2.4 Extent of sprinkler protection
2.5 Fire loads adjoining, linked, or adjacent to the sprinkler-protected building or sprinkler-protected firecell
2.6 External fire loads adjacent to the sprinkler-protected building or sprinkler-protected firecell
2.7 Requirements for external sprinklers and internal drenchers
2.8 Permitted exceptions from sprinklering
2.9 Provision of block plan
2.10 Provision of supply reference information
2.11 Multistorey buildings
2.12 Buildings constructed with expanded plastic cored insulated panels
2.13 Features likely to impair sprinkler efficacy
3 Types of installations
3.1 General
3.2 Conventional sprinkler installations
3.3 Deluge installations
3.4 Water mist installations
3.5 Methods to determine water delivery for gas-filled sprinkler installations
4 System components
4.1 General
4.2 Sprinklers
4.3 Pipework
4.4 Valves
4.5 Enhanced safety valve set
4.6 Pressure gauges
4.7 Alarm devices
4.8 Storage height limitation indicators
4.9 Aerosol warning signs
4.10 Labelling
5 Location of sprinklers
5.1 General
5.2 Walls and partitions
5.3 Ceilings and roofs
5.4 Position of sprinklers
5.5 Vertical obstructions to sprinkler discharge
5.6 Columns
5.7 Open roof trusses
5.8 Clear space below sprinklers
5.9 Spacing and location of sidewall sprinklers
5.10 Locations or conditions requiring special consideration
5.11 Obstructions below sprinklers
5.12 Film and television production studios
5.13 Theatres and music halls
5.14 Fixtures and fittings
5.15 Skylight shafts
5.16 External sprinklers
5.17 Extended coverage ordinary hazard and extended coverage light hazard sprinklers – Special requirements
6 Water supply
6.1 General
6.2 Classes of water supply
6.3 Flow and pressure requirements
6.4 Town’s main, boosted town’s main, and supplemented town’s main
6.5 Pumped supplies – Water sources
6.6 Water storage
6.7 Pumped supplies – Pump units
6.8 Elevated tanks
6.9 Pressure tanks
6.10 Fire sprinkler inlets
6.11 Proving of water supplies
6.12 Private site fire mains (see 6.2.1 Class B2)
7 Extra light hazard system design data
7.1 Water supplies
7.2 Sprinkler type and spacing
7.3 Pipework
7.4 Storage areas and drying rooms
8 Ordinary hazard system design data
8.1 Design criteria, pipe sizing, and water supplies
8.2 Sprinkler type and spacing
8.3 Special requirements for vehicle stacker sprinkler systems
9 Extra high hazard system design data
9.1 Scope
9.2 Extra high hazard class terminology
9.3 General system design requirements
9.4 General installation requirements, EHH
9.5 Categorised commodities design requirements
10 Fully hydraulically calculated design
10.1 General
10.2 Design requirements
10.3 Determination of area of operation
10.4 Determination of design flow and pressure
10.5 Method of calculation
10.6 Documentation
11 Fire protection system shutdown precautions
11.1 General
11.2 Risk assessment
11.3 Notification and authorisation
11.4 Isolation tags for sections of a sprinkler system
11.5 Hot work precautions
11.6 Methods of temporarily isolating system sections
11.7 Interruption to water supplies
12 Routine testing, maintenance, and inspections
12.1 General
12.2 Routine tests and maintenance
12.3 Routine inspections
12.4 Twelve-yearly inspections
12.5 Testing of sprinklers
12.6 Water supply strainers
12.7 Testing of antifreeze solutions
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – TESTING OF DRY AND PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS – EXAMPLE FORM
APPENDIX B – ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF PROTECTION OF CERTAIN SMALL COMMUNITY BUILDINGS FOR WHICH A SPRINKLER SYSTEM IS NOT A LEGAL REQUIREMENT
APPENDIX C – EVALUATION OF CONTRACTORS BY A SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFIER
APPENDIX D – CERTIFICATE OF LISTING OF CONTRACTOR
APPENDIX E – SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
APPENDIX F – GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR LISTING BY A SPRINKLER SYSTEM CERTIFIER (SSC)
APPENDIX G – RETROSPECTIVE UPGRADES
APPENDIX H – SPRINKLER SYSTEM STORAGE DECLARATION
APPENDIX J – MATERIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
APPENDIX K – SPRINKLER PROTECTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED WITH FOAMED PLASTIC CORED INSULATED PANELS
APPENDIX L – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FROST PROTECTION MEASURES FOR FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
APPENDIX M – WATER MIST FIRE PROTECTION
APPENDIX N – TEST CERTIFICATE FOR FLUSHING UNDERGROUND PIPING
APPENDIX O – ORIFICE PLATES
APPENDIX P – PIPEWORK DESIGN FOR SEISMIC RESILIENCE – FLOW CHARTS
APPENDIX Q – AEROSOL WARNING SIGNS
APPENDIX R – TESTING OF TERRITORIAL AUTHORITY WATER MAINS
APPENDIX S – INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED WHEN ORDERING A PUMP UNIT (SEE 6.7.1.4)
APPENDIX T – CONTACT DETAILS OF AGENCIES TO BE INFORMED WHEN A SPRINKLER INSTALLATION IS RENDERED INOPERATIVE
APPENDIX U – MAINTENANCE PROVISIONS FOR NON-STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
APPENDIX V – GUIDANCE ON THE TESTING OF SPRINKLERS
APPENDIX W – FROST PROTECTION – ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
INDEX
Tables
Table 2.1 – Representative schedule of occupancies and hazard classes
Table 2.2(a) – Limits on storage of conventional commodities in OH3 occupancies
Table 2.2(b) – Limits on incidental storage in OH1 and OH2 occupancies
Table 2.2(c) – Limits on incidental storage of special commodities in OH3 occupancies
Table 2.3 – Comparison of classification of flammable liquids designations as specified in NFPA 30 and Hazardous Substances (Classification) Regulations
Table 2.4 – Classification of external fire loads
Table 2.5 – Minimum separation distances
Table 2.6 – Block plan sprinkler information
Table 2.7 – Typical reference pressure schedule
Table 2.8 – Design data for protection of expanded plastic cored panels
Table 3.1 – Properties of antifreeze solutions
Table 3.2 – Gas-filled water delivery calculation design requirements
Table 4.1 – Acceptable types of sprinklers
Table 4.2 – Temperature classification of sprinklers – Rating and colour
Table 4.3 – Minimum distance from edge of heat sources to nearest sprinkler
Table 4.4 – Pipe and jointing options for underground pipework
Table 4.5 – Pipe and jointing options for above-ground pipework
Table 4.6 – Rates of flow required for flushing mains pipe diameters
Table 4.7 – Suitable supports
Table 4.8 – Zone values and shortest major fault distances D for New Zealand locations (north to south)
Table 4.9 – Component risk factor per building importance level
Table 4.10 – Mass of water-filled pipe
Table 4.11 – Maximum allowable lateral brace spacing (m)
Table 4.12 – Horizontal design loads for U-bolts
Table 4.13 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 30° to vertical
Table 4.14 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 45° to vertical
Table 4.15 – Maximum permitted rod length without sleeving for ϴ = 60° to vertical
Table 4.16 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads of typical pipework brace elements with l/r = 100 (ULS design)
Table 4.17 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads of typical pipework brace elements with l/r = 200 (ULS design)
Table 4.18 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 25 NB medium wall pipe (ULS design)
Table 4.19 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 10 mm threaded rod (ULS design)
Table 4.20 – Maximum capacity of horizontal loads for various lengths of 12 mm threaded rod (ULS design)
Table 4.21 – Horizontal load capacity of typical connections (ULS Design)
Table 5.1 – Spacing arrangements
Table 5.2 – Sprinkler distances from obstructions
Table 5.3 – Maximum distance of residential sprinklers above bottom of ceiling obstruction (where not specified by manufacturer)
Table 5.4 – Obstructions to standard sidewall sprinkler discharge
Table 5.5 – Extra light hazard standard spray and extended coverage sprinklers distances from suspended or floor mounted obstructions (see Figure 5.10)
Table 5.6 – Sprinkler positioning above open grid or perforated ceilings and decks
Table 5.7 – Sprinkler protection requirements below open grid or perforated ceilings and grids
Table 5.8 – Sprinkler spacing rules for cloud skipping
Table 5.9 – External sprinkler spacing and location
Table 5.10 – ECOH and ECLH sprinkler distances from ceiling mounted obstructions (see Figure 5.16)
Table 6.1 – Duration of water supplies for EHH occupancies
Table 6.2 – Nominal fuel duration
Table 6.3 – Number of inlets
Table 7.1 – Minimum pipe sizes for pre-calculated extra light hazard sprinkler arrays
Table 7.2 – Friction losses for pipe diameters at 270 L/min
Table 8.1 – OH1, OH2, and OH3 sprinkler numbers for coverage areas
Table 8.2 – OH3S– Minimum design density of discharge for ceiling heights
Table 8.3 – Design criteria for storage of Category 1 to 4 commodities in OH4 occupancies storage height ≤ 3.7 m
Table 8.4 – Design criteria for storage of Category 5 and 6 commodities in OH4 occupancies storage height ≤ 3.7 m
Table 8.5 – Maximum number of sprinklers on tabular pipework
Table 8.6 – Loss of pressure per metre of pipe
Table 8.7 – Design criteria for vehicle stackers
Table 9.1 – Reference standards for special commodities
Table 9.2 – Design density and design area for process occupancies
Table 9.3 – Maximum area coverage per roof/ceiling sprinkler
Table 9.4 – Storage sprinklers under sloped ceilings
Table 9.5 – Spacing of ceiling-level storage sprinklers
Table 9.6 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of storage sprinklers (not extended coverage)
Table 9.7 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of extended coverage storage sprinklers
Table 9.8 – Installation guidelines to avoid obstructions to inner core distribution pattern of storage sprinklers
Table 9.9 – Hydraulic design for in-rack sprinkler systems
Table 9.10 – Hydraulic design for ceiling-level sprinkler systems supplemented with in-rack sprinklers
Table 9.11 – Number of sprinklers in the in-rack design
Table 9.12 – Minimum flow in the in-rack design
Table 9.13 – Summary of ceiling-level protection tables
Table 9.14(a) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Categories 1, 2, and 3 commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(b) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Category 4 and Category 5 cartoned unexpanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(c) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for cartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(d) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(e) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in a solid-piled, palletised, shelf, or bin-box storage arrangement
Table 9.14(f) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Categories 1, 2, and 3 commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(g) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(h) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for cartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(i) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 5 unexpanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(j) – Ceiling-level protection guidelines for uncartoned Category 6 expanded plastic commodities in open-frame rack storage arrangements
Table 9.14(k) – Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for Categories 1 and 2 commodities protected by dry-pipe and similar sprinkler systems
Table 9.14(l) – Ceiling-level sprinkler system designs for Category 3 commodities protected by dry-pipe and similar sprinkler systems
Table 10.1 – Accuracy required for dimensions used in design requirements calculations
Table 10.2 – Values of R for steel and chlorinated PVC pipes
Table 10.3 – Hazen-Williams loss of pressure factors for flow direction changes in pipes
Table 12.1 – Routine tests and maintenance frequency tolerances
Table C1 – Scope of listing
Table H1 – Representative list of material categories
Table J1 – Commodity and category examples – Alphabetical listing
Table J2 – Commodity and category examples – Listed by category
Table O1 – Pipes of 50 mm and 65 mm diameter and 500 L/min flow
Table O2 – Pipes of 80 mm to 200 mm diameter and 5000 L/min flow
Figures
Figure 1.1 – Definition of range and distribution pipes
Figure 1.2 – Typical fire sprinkler system
Figure 2.1(a) – Link to unprotected building with eave height ≥ 600 mm
Figure 2.1(b) – Link to unprotected building with eave height 600 mm
Figure 2.2 – Typical external sprinklers
Figure 2.3 – Permitted exceptions from sprinklering of concealed spaces
Figure 2.4 – Display of water supply reference information
Figure 3.1 – Typical subsidiary floor valve arrangement
Figure 3.2 – Typical tail-end antifreeze installation valves
Figure 4.1(a) – Hazard factor, Z, for the North Island
Figure 4.1(b) – Hazard factor, Z, for the South Island
Figure 4.2 – Bracing in two orthogonal horizontal directions
Figure 4.3 – Maximum lateral brace spacing
Figure 4.4 – Location of pipework bracing
Figure 4.5(a) – Examples of tributary lengths of pipe in the zone of influence for braces (east-west)
Figure 4.5(b) – Examples of tributary lengths of pipe in the zone of influence for braces (north-south)
Figure 4.6 – Elements of lateral braces for horizontal pipe
Figure 4.7 – Elements of longitudinal braces for horizontal pipe
Figure 4.8 – Elements of braces for vertical pipe
Figure 4.9 – Option to brace horizontal pipe using two opposing diagonal elements
Figure 4.10 – Four-way bracing on vertical pipe using two diagonal elements
Figure 4.11 – Diagram of vertical force component Fv
Figure 4.12 – Seismic separation assembly (SSA)
Figure 4.13 – Droppers to non-structural elements
Figure 4.14 Short droppers
Figure 4.15 – Long droppers
Figure 4.16 – Configuration of air supply for dry pipe systems in refrigerated areas
Figure 4.17 – Enhanced safety valve set arrangement
Figure 4.18 – Wet pipe control valve showing an acceptable arrangement for type ‘X’ signalling complying with 4.7.2.2.1
Figure 4.19 – Wet pipe control valve showing an acceptable arrangement for type ‘Y’ signalling complying with 4.7.2.2.2
Figure 4.20 – Typical dry pipe control valve arrangement
Figure 4.21 – Arrangement for single sprinkler system
Figure 4.22 – Arrangement for multiple sprinkler systems
Figure 4.23 – Storage height limitation sign
Figure 5.1 – Example of application of 5.2.4
Figure 5.2(a) – Shadow area in corridor
Figure 5.2(b) – Example of a shadow area
Figure 5.3 – Positioning of sprinkler heads
Figure 5.4 – Sprinkler distances from obstructions
Figure 5.5 – Obstruction area to umbrella pattern of pendent and upright non-storage sprinklers (excluding extended-coverage sprinklers)
Figure 5.6 – Position of residential sprinkler deflector when located above the bottom of a ceiling obstruction
Figure 5.7 – Installation of horizontal sidewall sprinklers using soffits
Figure 5.8 – Sprinkler positions for machines in tiers
Figure 5.9 – Location of sprinklers in extraction ducts
Figure 5.10 – Position of sprinkler head to avoid suspended or floor mounted obstruction to sprinkler discharge (extra light hazard standard spray and extended coverage sprinklers )
Figure 5.11 – Open grid ceilings dimension definitions
Figure 5.12 – Additional sprinklers installed below flat, continuous, solid obstructions between 0.8 m and 3.0 m wide
Figure 5.13 – Additional sprinklers installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions between 0.8 m and 3.0 m wide with flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 5.14 – Additional sprinklers installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions between 1.2 m and 3.0 m wide without a flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 5.15 – Sprinkler positioning under eaves
Figure 5.16 – Position of sprinkler head to avoid obstruction to sprinkler discharge (extended coverage upright and pendent spray sprinklers)
Figure 5.17 – Minimum distance from obstruction (extended coverage upright and pendent spray sprinklers)
Figure 6.1 – Water supply classes – Typical diagrammatic layouts
Figure 6.2 – Diagrammatic key to water supply requirements
Figure 6.4 – Permissible supply to hydrants from town’s main sprinkler connections – Diagrammatic layout (Class C1 supply)
Figure 6.5 – Illustrative example of hydrant allowance (see 6.4.1.7.2)
Figure 6.6 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main without pressure relief line
Figure 6.7 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main with pressure relief line
Figure 6.8 – Typical arrangement for boosted town’s main with pressure reducing valve system
Figure 6.9 – Typical arrangement for supplemented town’s main (using infill tank)
Figure 6.10 – Typical arrangement for pump and tank supply
Figure 6.11 – Typical arrangement for Class A2 water supply
Figure 6.12 – Pump suction waterway fittings
Figure 6.13 – Diesel engine water cooling unit
Figure 6.14 – Diesel engine controller logic unit
Figure 6.15 – FSI standard requirements
Figure 6.16 – Details of box lock
Figure 6.17 – Fire sprinkler inlet arrangement for multiple valve sets
Figure 8.1 – Typical arrangement of open-frame vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.2 – Typical arrangement of single column vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.3 – Typical arrangement of single-row vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.4 – Typical arrangement of pit vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 8.5 –Typical arrangement of pit vehicle stacker sprinklers
Figure 9.1(a) – Double-row racks – Without solid or slatted shelves
Figure 9.1(b) – Double-row racks – With solid shelves
Figure 9.1(c) – Double-row racks – With slatted shelves
Figure 9.2 – Typical double-row (back-to-back) rack arrangement
Figure 9.3(a) – Multiple-row rack – Flow-through racks
Figure 9.3(b) – Multiple-row rack – Double deep rack, serviced by reach (forklifts) truck
Figure 9.4 – Typical pallets
Figure 9.5 – Portable racks
Figure 9.6(a) – Rack storage – Automatic storage type rack
Figure 9.6(b) – Rack storage – Flow-through pallet rack
Figure 9.6(c) – Rack storage – Drive-in rack, two or more pallets deep – Forklift truck drives into rack to deposit or withdraw loads in the depth of the rack
Figure 9.6(d) – Rack storage – Cantilever rack
Figure 9.7 – Portable rack using wood pallet base and steel frame
Figure 9.8 – Examples of adjacent areas with differing design criteria
Figure 9.9 – Maximum increase in linear and area spacing to avoid obstructing sprinkler discharge
Figure 9.10 – Location of sprinklers under non-smooth ceilings
Figure 9.11 – Quick response sprinklers installed under automatic smoke and heat vents
Figure 9.12 – Quick response sprinklers installed under ceiling-level exhaust devices
Figure 9.13 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of storage sprinklers (not extended coverage)
Figure 9.14 – Minimum horizontal distance of ceiling objects to avoid obstructing umbrella patterns of extended coverage storage sprinklers
Figure 9.15 – Obstruction to inner core discharge pattern of ceiling-level storage sprinklers
Figure 9.16 – Upright storage sprinklers can tolerate individual objects up to 100 mm wide located directly below them at any vertical distance.
Figure 9.17 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects up to 20 mm wide
Figure 9.18 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 20 mm and up to 32 mm wide
Figure 9.19 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 32 mm and up to 50 mm wide
Figure 9.20 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 50 mm and up to 300 mm wide
Figure 9.21 – Obstruction area to inner core discharge pattern of pendent storage sprinklers for objects over 300 mm and up to 600 mm wide
Figure 9.22 – Additional sprinklers installed below flat, continuous solid obstructions from over 0.6 m wide to 3.0 m wide
Figure 9.23 – Additional sprinkler installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions more than 0.6 m wide up to 3.0 m wide
Figure 9.24 – Additional sprinkler installed below non-flat, non-continuous, or non-solid obstructions over 0.6 m and up to 3.0 m wide without a flat, continuous, solid barrier provided
Figure 9.25 – Additional sprinklers installed within storage racks to account for obstructions to the inner core distribution pattern of a sprinkler
Figure 9.26 – Elevation view of in-rack sprinkler locations with roof level to previous editions of the standard
Figure 9.27(a) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks
Figure 9.27(b) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks
Figure 9.27(c) – Plan view of IRS(EO) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.28(a) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks
Figure 9.28(b) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement in longitude flue only double-row racks
Figure 9.28(c) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks
Figure 9.28(d) – Plan view of IRS(E) in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.29(a) – Fire Protection Scheme A within single-row racks
Figure 9.29(b) – Fire Protection Scheme A within double-row racks
Figure 9.29(c) – Fire Protection Scheme A within multiple-row racks
Figure 9.30(a) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 0.9 m deep
Figure 9.30(b) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 1.8 m deep
Figure 9.30(c) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for single-row racks up to 1.8 m deep located against wall
Figure 9.30(d) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks up to 2.7 m deep
Figure 9.30(e) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for double-row racks up to 3.7 m deep
Figure 9.30(f) – Plan view of alternative in-rack sprinkler arrangement for multiple-row racks
Figure 9.31 – Determining ceiling height in applicable protection table
Figure 9.32(a) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in single-row racks, Option 3
Figure 9.32(b) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in single-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(c) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in double-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(d) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in double-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(e) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for Category 1 through Category 4 and cartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in multiple-row racks, Option 2
Figure 9.32(f) – Alternative in-rack sprinkler protection for uncartoned Category 5 and Category 6 plastic commodities in multiple-row racks, Option 2
Figure 10.1 – Determination of mean area per sprinkler
Figure 10.2 – Location and shape of hydraulically ‘most remote’ area of operation
Figure 11.1 – Typical form for notifying that an installation is to be rendered inoperative
Figure 11.2 – Typical form for isolation tag card
Figure 12.1 – Density of propylene glycol in solution
Figure 12.2 – Specific gravity of glycerine in solution (% by volume)
Figure B1 – Option for arrangement of control valves
Figure B2 – Building owner declaration form
Figure E1 – Compliance flow chart for new systems
Figure E2 – Compliance flow chart for biennial inspections (see 12.3.1)
Figure E3 – Compliance flow chart for extensions or alterations to existing systems (see 1.14.5.)
Figure E4 – Compliance flow chart for systems installed to other standards (see Appendix G)
Figure H1 – Declaration of storage intentions
Figure N1 – Flow rates by pipe diameter
Figure N2 – Test certificate for flushing underground piping
Figure P1 – Design sprinkler system seismic resilience
Figure P2 – Determine seismic coefficient C
Figure P3 – Design of braces
Figure Q1 – Example of a graphic symbol to accompany warning signs prohibiting the storage of aerosols
Figure R1 – Water supply flow graph
Previous versions
NZS 4541:2020
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