NZS 3101.1&2:2006 (Inc A1, A2 A3)
Concrete structures standard
Sets out minimum requirements for the design of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures. Part Two, Commentary on The Design of Concrete Structures, explains the provisions of Part One, summarises technical background and suggests approaches which satisfy the intent of the Standard. Amendment 3 to NZS 3101.1&2:2006 involves significant revision and the introduction of new material. It has been primarily developed to address recommendations from the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission. In addition, errors in the original published standard and commentary have been corrected and included in this amendment. NZS 3101 Part 1 is used by structural engineers to design concrete structures. When read along with Verification Method B1/VM1, it provides a means of complying with the performance requirements of New Zealand Building Code clause B1 Structure. It can also be used along with Acceptable Solution B2/AS1 to demonstrate the compliance of concrete building elements with clause B2 Durability.
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NZS 3101.1:2006 and NZS 3101.2:2006 Concrete structures standard
Committee Representation
Acknowledgement
Copyright
Amendments
Part 1: The design of concrete structures
Contents
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
FOREWORD
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Relationship to NZ Building Code
1.1.2 Application to bridges
1.1.3 Materials and workmanship requirements
1.1.4 Interpretation
1.2 Referenced documents
1.3 Design
1.3.1 Design responsibility
1.3.2 Design information
1.4 Construction
1.4.1 Construction reviewer
1.4.2 Construction review
1.5 Definitions
2 DESIGN PROCEDURES, LOADS AND ACTIONS
2.1 Notation
2.2 Design requirements
2.2.1 Design considerations
2.2.2 Design for strength and serviceability
2.2.3 Design for robustness, durability and fire resistance
2.2.4 Material properties
2.3 Design for strength and stability at the ultimate limit state
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Design for strength
2.3.3 Design for stability
2.4 Design for serviceability
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Deflection of beams and slabs
2.4.3 Minimum thickness
2.4.4 Crack control
2.5 Other design requirements
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Fatigue (serviceability limit state)
2.5.3 Structural diaphragms
2.6 Additional design requirements for earthquake effects
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Seismic design actions
2.6.3 Serviceability limit state
2.6.4 Ultimate limit state
2.6.5 Capacity design
2.6.6 Additional requirements for nominally ductile structures
2.6.7 Additional requirements for ductile frames and limited ductile moment resisting frames
2.6.8 Ductile walls and dual structures
2.6.9 Structures incorporating mechanical energy dissipating devices
2.6.10 Secondary structural elements
3 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
3.1 Notation
3.1.1 Symbols
3.1.2 Abbreviations
3.2 Scope
3.2.1 Concrete
3.2.2 Cementitious binders
3.2.3 Design considerations
3.2.4 Design for particular environmental conditions
3.3 Design life
3.3.1 Specified intended life
3.4 Exposure classification
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Environmental exposure classification
3.4.3 Chemical exposure classification
3.5 Requirements for aggressive soil and groundwater exposure classification XA
3.6 Minimum concrete curing requirements
3.7 Additional requirements for concrete exposure classification C
3.7.1 Supplementary cementitious materials
3.7.2 Water/binder ratio and binder content
3.7.3 Special concrete
3.8 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U
3.9 Finishing, strength and curing requirements for abrasion
3.9.1 Abrasion from traffic
3.9.2 Abrasion by waterborne material
3.10 Requirements for freezing and thawing
3.11 Requirements for concrete cover to reinforcing steel and tendons
3.11.1 General
3.11.2 Cover of reinforcement for concrete placement
3.11.3 Cover for corrosion protection
3.12 Chloride based life prediction models and durability enhancement measures
3.12.1 The use of life prediction models
3.12.2 Other durability enhancing measures
3.13 Protection of cast-in fixings and fastenings
3.13.1 Fixing and fastening protection
3.14 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete
3.14.1 Restriction on chloride ion content for corrosion protection
3.14.2 Restriction on sulphate content
3.14.3 Restriction on other salts
3.15 Alkali silica reaction
4 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
4.1 Notation
4.2 Scope
4.3 Design performance criteria
4.3.1 General performance criteria
4.3.2 General rules for the interpretation of tabular data and charts
4.3.3 Increase in axis distance for prestressing tendons
4.3.4 Joints
4.3.5 The effect of chases
4.3.6 Increasing FRRs by the addition of insulating materials
4.4 Fire resistance ratings for beams
4.4.1 Structural adequacy for beams incorporated in roof or floor systems
4.4.2 Structural adequacy for beams exposed to fire on all sides
4.5 Fire resistance ratings for slabs
4.5.1 Insulation for slabs
4.5.2 Structural adequacy for slabs
4.6 Fire resistance ratings for columns
4.6.1 Insulation and integrity for columns
4.6.2 Structural adequacy for columns
4.7 Fire resistance ratings for walls
4.7.1 Insulation for walls
4.7.2 Structural adequacy for walls
4.7.3 Chases and recesses for services in walls
4.8 External walls or wall panels that could collapse inward or outward due to fire
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Forces on connections
4.8.3 Design of connections
4.8.4 Fixing inserts
4.8.5 Walls spanning vertically
4.8.6 Walls spanning horizontally
4.9 Increase of fire resistance periods by use of insulating materials
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Acceptable forms of insulation
4.9.3 Thickness of insulating material
4.9.4 Reinforcement in sprayed or trowelled insulating materials
4.10 Fire resistance rating by calculation
5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
5.1 Notation
5.2 Properties of concrete
5.2.1 Specified compressive strength
5.2.2 Applicable density range
5.2.3 Modulus of elasticity
5.2.4 Direct tensile strength concrete
5.2.5 Modulus of rupture for calculation of deflections
5.2.6 VOID
5.2.7 Poisson’s ratio
5.2.8 Stress-strain curves
5.2.9 Coefficient of thermal expansion
5.2.10 Shrinkage
5.2.11 Creep
5.3 Properties of reinforcement
5.3.1 Use of plain and deformed reinforcement
5.3.2 Reinforcement grades
5.3.3 Strength
5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity
5.3.5 Coefficient of thermal expansion
5.4 Properties of tendons
5.4.1 Strength
5.4.2 Modulus of elasticity
5.4.3 Stress-strain curves
5.4.4 Relaxation of tendons
5.5 Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete
6 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.1 Notation
6.2 General
6.2.1 Basis for structural analysis
6.2.2 Interpretation of the results of analysis
6.2.3 Methods of analysis
6.2.4 Vertical loads on continuous beams, frames and floor systems
6.2.5 Slabs where critical actions arise from individual wheel loads
6.3 Linear elastic analysis
6.3.1 Application
6.3.2 Span lengths
6.3.3 Analysis requirements
6.3.4 Critical sections for negative moments
6.3.5 Stiffness
6.3.6 Secondary bending moments and shears resulting from prestress
6.3.7 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete for ultimate limit state
6.3.8 Idealised frame method of analysis
6.4 Non-linear structural analysis
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Non-linear material effects
6.4.3 Non-linear geometric effects
6.4.4 Values of material properties
6.5 Plastic methods of analysis
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Methods for beams and frames
6.5.3 Methods for slabs
6.6 Analysis using strut-and-tie models
6.7 Simplified methods of flexural analysis
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Simplified method for reinforced continuous beams and one-way slabs
6.7.3 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slabs supported on four sides
6.7.4 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slab systems having multiple spans
6.8 Calculation of deflection of beams and slabs for serviceability limit state
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Deflection calculation with a rational model
6.8.3 Calculation of deflection by empirical model
6.8.4 Calculation of deflection – prestressed concrete
6.8.5 Shored composite construction
6.9 Additional requirements for earthquake effects
6.9.1 Linear elastic analysis
7 FLEXURE, SHEAR, TORSION AND ELONGATION OF MEMBERS
7.1 Notation
7.2 Scope
7.3 General principles
7.4 Flexural strength of members with shear and with or without axial load
7.4.1 Flexural strength requirement
7.4.2 General design assumptions for flexural strength
7.5 Shear strength of members
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Maximum nominal shear stress, vmax
7.5.3 Nominal shear strength, Vn
7.5.4 Nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, Vc
7.5.5 Nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
7.5.6 Shear reinforcement details
7.5.7 Location and anchorage of reinforcement
7.5.8 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
7.5.9 Alternative methods for determining shear strength
7.5.10 Minimum area of shear reinforcement
7.6 Torsional strength of members with flexure and shear with and without axial loads
7.6.1 Members loaded in torsion
7.6.2 Reinforcement for compatibility torsion
7.6.3 Torsional reinforcement details
7.6.4 Design of reinforcement for torsion required for equilibrium
7.6.5 Interaction between flexure and torsion
7.7 Shear-friction
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Shear-friction design
7.7.3 Design approach
7.7.4 Shear-friction design method
7.7.5 Maximum shear stress for shear friction
7.7.6 Design yield strength of shear-friction reinforcement
7.7.7 Reinforcement for net tension across shear plane
7.7.8 Shear-friction reinforcement
7.7.9 Concrete placed against previously hardened concrete
7.7.10 Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
7.7.11 Shear friction in walls
7.8 Elongation
7.8.1 Elongation in reinforced concrete members and interaction of structural elements
7.8.2 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the ultimate limit state
7.8.3 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the maximum considered earthquake
7.8.4 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the serviceability limit state
8 STRESS DEVELOPMENT, DETAILING AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
8.1 Notation
8.2 Scope
8.3 Spacing of reinforcement
8.3.1 Clear distance between parallel bars
8.3.2 Nominal maximum size of aggregate
8.3.3 Placement of parallel bars in layers
8.3.4 Bundled bars
8.3.5 Spacing of principal reinforcement in walls and slabs
8.3.6 Spacing of outer bars in bridge decks or abutment walls
8.3.7 Spacing between longitudinal bars in compression members
8.3.8 Spacing between splices
8.3.9 Spacing between pretensioning reinforcement
8.3.10 Bundles of ducts for post-tensioned steel
8.4 Bending of reinforcement
8.4.1 Compliance with NZS 3109
8.4.2 Bending of steel bar reinforcement
8.4.3 Bending of welded wire fabric
8.5 Welding of reinforcement
8.5.1 Compliance with AS/NZS 1554:Part 3
8.5.2 In-line quenched and tempered steel bars
8.5.3 Welds in proximity to bends
8.6 Development of reinforcement
8.6.1 Development of reinforcement – General
8.6.2 Development of shear and torsion reinforcement
8.6.3 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
8.6.4 Development length of plain bars and plain wire in tension
8.6.5 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
8.6.6 Development length of plain bars and plain wires in compression
8.6.7 Development of bundled bars
8.6.8 Development of welded plain and deformed wire fabric in tension
8.6.9 Development of prestressing strand
8.6.10 Standard hooks
8.6.11 Mechanical anchorage
8.6.12 Development of flexural reinforcement
8.6.13 Development of positive moment reinforcement in tension
8.6.14 Development of negative moment reinforcement in tension
8.7 Splices in reinforcement
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Lap splices of bars and wire in tension
8.7.3 Lap splices of bars and wires in compression
8.7.4 Welded splices
8.7.5 Mechanical connections
8.7.6 Splices of welded plain or deformed wire fabric
8.8 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
8.8.1 Floor and roof slab reinforcement
8.8.2 Large members
8.9 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
8.9.1 Splices in reinforcement
8.9.2 Development length
9 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
9.1 Notation
9.2 Scope
9.3 General principles and design requirements for beams and one-way slabs
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Strength of beams and one-way slabs in bending
9.3.3 Strength of beams and in shear
9.3.4 Strength of beams in torsion
9.3.5 Distance between lateral supports of beams
9.3.6 Control of flexural cracking
9.3.7 Control of deflections
9.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
9.3.9 Transverse reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
9.3.10 Special provisions for deep beams
9.3.11 Openings in the web
9.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility inearthquakes
9.4.1 Dimensions of beams
9.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
9.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams containing ductile or limited ductile plastic regions
9.4.4 Transverse reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
9.4.5 Buckling restraint of longitudinal bars in potential ductile and limited ductile plastic regions
10 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS AND PIERS FOR STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY
10.1 Notation
10.2 Scope
10.3 General principles and design requirements for columns
10.3.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
10.3.2 Slenderness effects in columns
10.3.3 Design cross-sectional dimensions for columns
10.3.4 Strength of columns in bending with axial force
10.3.5 Transmission of axial force through floor systems
10.3.6 Perimeter columns to be tied into floors
10.3.7 Strength of columns in torsion, shear and flexure
10.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
10.3.9 Splices of longitudinal reinforcement
10.3.10 Transverse reinforcement in columns
10.3.11 Composite compression members
10.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
10.4.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
10.4.2 Protection of columns at the ultimate limit state
10.4.3 Dimensions of columns
10.4.4 Limit for design axial force on columns
10.4.5 Ductile detailing length
10.4.6 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
10.4.7 Transverse reinforcement in columns
11 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL WALLS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
11.1 Notation
11.2 Scope
11.2.1 Application
11.2.2 Requirements determined by curvature ductility
11.2.3 Axial load limit on walls
11.3 General principles and design requirements for structural walls
11.3.1 General design principles
11.3.2 Minimum wall thickness
11.3.3 Maximum wall thickness for singly reinforced walls
11.3.4 Design for stability
11.3.5 Simplified stability assessment for slender singly reinforced walls
11.3.6 Simplified stability assessment for doubly reinforced concrete walls
11.3.7 Walls with high axial loads
11.3.8 Minimum thickness for compression flanges of walls
11.3.9 Flexural crack control
11.3.10 Strength of walls in flexure
11.3.11 Strength of walls in shear
11.3.12 Wall reinforcement
11.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
11.4.1 General seismic design requirements
11.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
11.4.3 Dimensional limitations
11.4.4 Reinforcement limits
11.4.5 Transverse reinforcement
11.4.6 Shear strength
11.4.7 Walls with openings
11.4.8 Special splice and anchorage requirements
11.4.9 Coupled shear walls
12 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TWO-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
12.1 Notation
12.2 Scope
12.3 General
12.3.1 Slab systems
12.3.2 Floor finishes
12.3.3 Recesses and pockets
12.3.4 Panelled ceilings
12.3.5 Prestressed concrete slabs
12.4 Design procedures
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Design methods
12.5 Design for flexure
12.5.1 General
12.5.2 Effective area of concentrated loads
12.5.3 Design moments from elastic thin plate theory
12.5.4 Design moments from non-linear analysis
12.5.5 Design moments from plastic theory
12.5.6 Slab reinforcement
12.6 Serviceability of slabs
12.6.1 General
12.6.2 Cracking
12.6.3 Deflections
12.7 Design for shear
12.7.1 Critical sections for shear
12.7.2 Design for two-way action
12.7.3 Shear strength
12.7.4 Shear reinforcement consisting of bars or wires or stirrups
12.7.5 Shear reinforcement consisting of structural steel I or channel-shaped sections andother equivalent devices
12.7.6 Openings in slabs
12.7.7 Transfer of moment and shear in slab column connections
12.8 Design of reinforced concrete bridge decks
12.8.1 Design methods
12.8.2 Empirical design based on assumed membrane action
12.8.3 Design based on elastic plate bending analysis
12.8.4 Span length of reinforced concrete bridge deck slabs
13 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGMS
13.1 Notation
13.2 Scope and definitions
13.3 General principles and design requirements
13.3.1 Functions of diaphragms
13.3.2 Analysis procedures
13.3.3 Openings
13.3.4 Stiffness
13.3.5 Reinforcement shall be anchored
13.3.6 Changes in depth
13.3.7 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
13.3.8 Reinforcement detailing for elastically responding diaphragms
13.3.9 Strength of diaphragms in shear
13.4 Additional design requirements for elements designed for ductility in earthquakes
13.4.1 Design forces for designed to dissipate energy diaphragms
13.4.2 Reinforcement detailing
13.4.3 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
14 FOOTINGS, PILES AND PILE CAPS
14.1 Notation
14.2 Scope
14.3 General principles and requirements
14.3.1 Serviceability and ultimate limit state design
14.3.2 Design of pile caps
14.3.3 Moment in footings
14.3.4 Shear in footings
14.3.5 Development of reinforcement in footings
14.3.6 Piled foundations
14.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility inearthquakes
14.4.1 Designing for ductility
14.4.2 Pile caps
15 DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
15.1 Notation
15.2 Scope
15.2.1 General
15.2.2 Alternative methods
15.3 General principles and design requirements for beam-column joints
15.3.1 Design criteria
15.3.2 Design forces
15.3.3 Consideration of concurrency
15.3.4 Maximum horizontal joint shear force
15.3.5 Design principles, mechanisms of shear resistance
15.3.6 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
15.3.7 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
15.3.8 Confinement
15.4 Additional design requirements for beam-column joints with ductile, includinglimited ductile, members adjacent to the joint
15.4.1 General
15.4.2 Design forces
15.4.3 Design assumptions
15.4.4 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
15.4.5 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
15.4.6 Joints with wide columns and narrow beams
15.4.7 Eccentric beam-column joints
15.4.8 Maximum diameter of longitudinal beam bars passing through joints
15.4.9 Maximum diameter of column bars passing through joint
16 BEARING STRENGTH, BRACKETS AND CORBELS
16.1 Notation
16.2 Scope
16.3 Bearing strength
16.3.1 General
16.3.2 Exclusions
16.3.3 Strength reduction factor
16.3.4 Calculation of A1 and A2
16.4 Design of brackets and corbels
16.4.1 Critical section for flexure
16.4.2 Design actions and limiting dimensions for a corbel
16.4.3 Bearing area and bearing stresses
16.4.4 Method of design
16.5 Empirical design of corbels or brackets
16.5.1 Depth at outside edge
16.5.2 Design actions at the critical section
16.5.3 Shear-friction reinforcement
16.5.4 Maximum shear stress
16.5.5 Reinforcement for flexure
16.5.6 Reinforcement for axial tension force
16.5.7 Primary tension reinforcement
16.5.8 Closed stirrups or ties
16.5.9 Minimum ratio for p
16.5.10 Reinforcement As
16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
16.6.1 Principal reinforcement As
16.6.2 Shear friction reinforcement
16.7 Design requirements for beams supporting corbels or brackets
16.8 Design requirements for ledges supporting precast units
16.8.1 The ledge support of precast floor units
16.8.2 Design of ledges
17 EMBEDDED ITEMS, ANCHORS AND SECONDARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
17.1 Notation
17.2 Scope
17.3 Design procedures
17.4 Embedded items
17.5 Anchors
17.5.1 General
17.5.2 Design forces
17.5.3 Inserts for lifting
17.5.4 Strength of anchors by testing
17.5.5 Strength of anchors by calculation
17.5.6 Strength of cast-in anchors
17.5.7 Lower characteristic strength of anchor in tension
17.5.8 Lower characteristic strength of anchor in shear
17.5.9 Durability and fire resistance
17.6 Additional design requirements for anchors designed for earthquake effects
17.6.1 Anchor design philosophy
17.6.2 Anchors designed for seismic separation
17.6.3 Anchors stronger than the overstrength capacity of the attachment
17.6.4 Anchors designed to remain elastic
17.6.5 Anchors designed for ductility
17.6.6 Anchors in plastic hinge regions
18 PRECAST CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
18.1 Notation
18.2 Scope
18.2.1 Precast concrete defined
18.2.2 Composite concrete flexural members defined
18.2.3 Composite concrete and structural steel not covered
18.2.4 Section 18 in addition to other provisions of this Standard
18.3 General
18.3.1 Design to consider all loading and restraint conditions
18.3.2 Include forces and deformations at connections
18.3.3 Consider serviceability and ultimate limit states
18.3.4 Tolerances
18.3.5 Effects to be taken into consideration
18.4 Distribution of forces among members
18.4.1 Forces perpendicular to the axis of the member
18.4.2 In-plane forces
18.5 Member design
18.5.1 Prestressed slabs and wall panels
18.5.2 Composite concrete flexural members
18.5.3 Shear resisted by composite and non-composite sections
18.5.4 Longitudinal shear in composite members
18.5.5 Ties for longitudinal shear
18.5.6 Precast shell beam construction
18.6 Structural integrity and robustness
18.6.1 Load path to lateral force-resisting systems
18.6.2 Diaphragm action
18.6.3 Wall structures
18.6.4 Joints between vertical members
18.6.5 Connections
18.6.6 Frames supporting precast floors
18.6.7 Deformation compatibility of precast flooring systems
18.7 Connection and bearing design
18.7.1 Transfer of forces between members
18.7.2 Void
18.7.3 Connections using different materials
18.7.4 Floor or roof members supported by bearing on a seating
18.7.5 Development of positive moment reinforcement
18.7.6 Precast stairs and ramps
18.8 Additional requirements for ductile structures designed for earthquake effects
18.8.1 Seating requirements for ductile structures
18.8.2 Detailing requirements for support of rib and infill floors
18.8.3 Composite concrete flexural members
18.8.4 Broad categories of precast concrete seismic systems
19 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
19.1 Notation
19.2 Scope
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Other provisions for prestressed concrete
19.3 General principles and requirements
19.3.1 General design assumptions
19.3.2 Classification of prestressed members and sections
19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements – flexural members
19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons
19.3.5 Ultimate limit state design requirements
19.3.6 Flexural strength of beams and slabs
19.3.7 Compression members – combined flexure and axial loads
19.3.8 Statically indeterminate structures
19.3.9 Redistribution of design moments for ultimate limit state
19.3.10 Slab systems
19.3.11 Shear strength
19.3.12 Torsional strength
19.3.13 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons
19.3.14 Curved tendons
19.3.15 Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
19.3.16 Post-tensioning ducts
19.3.17 Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
19.3.18 External post-tensioning
19.4 Additional design requirements for earthquake actions
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Materials
19.4.3 Beams and floor slabs
19.4.4 Design of columns and piles
19.4.5 Prestressed moment resisting frames
19.4.6 Design of hybrid jointed frames
APPENDIX A – STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
A1 Notation
A2 Definitions
A3 Scope and limitations
A4 Strut-and-tie model design procedure
A5 Strength of struts
A6 Strength of ties
A7 Strength of nodal zones
A8 Considerations of seismic actions
APPENDIX B – SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
B2 Definitions
B3 Scope and limitations
B4 General design approach
B5 Behaviour of connections
B6 Design of moment resisting frames
B7 Design of structural wall systems
B8 System displacement compatibility issues
APPENDIX D – METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ACTIONS IN DUCTILE AND LIMITED DUCTILE MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AND WALLS
D1 Notation
D2 General
D3 Columns multi-storey ductile frames
D4 Ductile and limited ductile walls
D5 Wall-frame structures – Ductile and limited ductile
APPENDIX E – SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
E1 Notation
E2 Shrinkage
E3 Creep
INDEX
Part 2: Commentary on the design of concrete structures
Contents
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
C1 GENERAL
C1.1 Scope
C1.3 Design
C1.4 Construction
C1.5 Definitions
REFERENCES
C2 DESIGN PROCEDURES, LOADS AND ACTIONS
C2.1 Notation
C2.2 Design requirements
C2.2.1 Design considerations
C2.2.3 Design for robustness, durability and fire resistance
C2.3 Design for strength and stability at the ultimate limit state
C2.3.2 Design for strength
C2.4 Design for serviceability
C2.4.1 General
C2.4.2 Deflection
C2.4.3 Minimum thickness
C2.4.4 Crack control
C2.5 Other design requirements
C2.5.1 General
C2.5.2 Fatigue (serviceability limit state)
C2.5.3 Structural diaphragms
C2.6 Additional design requirements for earthquake effects
C2.6.1 General
C2.6.2 Seismic actions
C2.6.3 Serviceability limit state
C2.6.4 Ultimate limit state
C2.6.5 Capacity design
C2.6.6 Additional requirements for nominally ductile structures
C2.6.7 Additional requirements for ductile and limited ductile moment resisting frames
C2.6.8 Ductile walls and dual systems
C2.6.9 Structures incorporating mechanical energy dissipating devices
C2.6.10 Secondary structural elements
REFERENCES
C3 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
C3.2 Scope
C3.2.1 Concrete
C3.2.3 Design considerations
C3.2.4 Design for particular environmental conditions
C3.3 Design life
C3.3.1 Specified intended life
C3.4 Exposure classification
C3.4.3 Chemical exposure classification
C3.5 Requirements for aggressive soil and groundwater exposure classification XA
C3.6 Minimum concrete curing requirements
C3.7 Additional requirements for concrete for exposure classification C
C3.7.1 Supplementary cementitious materials
C3.7.2 Water/binder ratio and binder content
C3.8 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U
C3.9 Finishing, strength and curing requirements for abrasion
C3.10 Requirements for freezing and thawing
C3.11 Requirements for concrete cover to reinforcing steel and tendons
C3.11.2 Cover of reinforcement for concrete placement
C3.11.3 Cover for corrosion protection
C3.12 Chloride based life prediction models and durability enhancement measures
C3.12.1 The use of life prediction models
C3.12.2 Other durability enhancing measures
C3.13 Protection of cast-in fixings and fastenings
C3.14 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete
C3.14.1 Restriction on chloride ion for corrosion protection
C3.14.2 Restriction on sulphate content
C3.14.3 Restriction on other salts
C3.15 Alkali silica reaction, ASR
REFERENCES
C4 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
C4.1 Notation
C4.2 Scope
C4.3 Design performance criteria
C4.3.1 General performance criteria
C4.3.2 General rules for the interpretation of tabular data and charts
C4.3.3 Increase in axis distance for prestressing tendons
C4.4 Fire resistance ratings for beams
C4.5 Fire resistance ratings for slabs
C4.5.1 Insulation for slabs
C4.5.2 Structural adequacy for slabs
C4.6 Fire resistance ratings for columns
C4.7 Fire resistance ratings for walls
C4.7.1 Insulation for walls
C4.7.2 Structural adequacy for walls
C4.8 External walls or wall panels that could collapse inward or outward due to fire
C4.8.1 General
C4.8.2 Forces on connections
C4.8.3 Design of connections
C4.8.4 Fixing inserts
C4.10 Fire resistance rating by calculation
REFERENCES
C5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
C5.1 Notation
C5.2 Properties of concrete
C5.2.1 Specified compressive strength
C5.2.2 Applicable density range
C5.2.3 Modulus of elasticity
C5.2.4 Direct tensile strength concrete
C5.2.5 Modulus of rupture for calculation of deflections
C5.2.6 Void
C5.2.9 Coefficient of thermal expansion
C5.2.10 and C5.2.11 Shrinkage & creep
C5.3 Properties of reinforcement
C5.3.1 Use of plain and deformed reinforcement
C5.3.2 Reinforcement grades
C5.3.3 Strength
C5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity
C5.4 Properties of tendons
C5.4.3 Stress–strain curves
C5.5 Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A TO C5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
C5A TEST AND DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO MONOTONIC LOADING
C5.A1 Notation
C5.A2 Introduction
C5.A3 Material properties
C5.A4 Design at ultimate limit states
C5.A5 Design at serviceability limit states
C5.A6 Detailing provisions
C5.A7 Derivation of stresses in s – e diagram test
REFERENCES
C6 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C6.1 Notation
C6.2 General
C6.2.1 Basis for structural analysis
C6.2.2 Interpretation of the results of analysis
C6.2.3 Methods of analysis
C6.2.4 Vertical loads on continuous beams, frames and floor systems
C6.3 Linear elastic analysis
C6.3.1 Application
C6.3.2 Span lengths
C6.3.5 Stiffness
C6.3.6 Secondary bending moments and shears resulting from prestress
C6.3.7 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete for ultimate limit state
C6.3.8 Idealised frame method of analysis
C6.4 Non-linear structural analysis
C6.4.1 General
C6.4.2 Non-linear material effects
C6.4.3 Non-linear geometric effects
C6.4.4 Values of material properties
C6.5 Plastic methods of analysis
C6.6 Analysis using strut-and-tie models
C6.7 Simplified methods of flexural analysis
C6.7.1 General
C6.7.2 Simplified method for reinforced continuous beams and one-way slabs
C6.7.3 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slabs supported on four sides
C6.7.4 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slab systems having multiple spans
C6.8 Calculation of deflection of beams and slabs for serviceability limit state
C6.8.2 Deflection calculation with a rational model
C6.8.3 Calculation of deflection by empirical method
C6.8.4 Calculation of deflection – prestressed concrete
C6.8.5 Shored composite construction
C6.9.1 Linear elastic analysis
REFERENCES
C7 FLEXURE, SHEAR, TORSION AND ELONGATION OF MEMBERS
C7.1 Notation
C7.2 Scope
C7.3 General principles
C7.4 Flexural strength of members with shear and with or without axial load
C7.4.1 Flexural strength requirement
C7.4.2 General design assumptions for flexural strength
C7.5 Shear strength of members
C7.5.1 General
C7.5.2 Maximum nominal shear stress, vmax
C7.5.3 Nominal shear strength, Vn
C7.5.4 Nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, Vc
C7.5.5 Nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
C7.5.7 Location and anchorage of reinforcement
C7.5.8 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
C7.5.9 Alternative methods for determining shear strength
C7.5.10 Minimum area of shear reinforcement
C7.6 Torsional strength of members with flexure and shear with and without axial loads
C7.6.1 Members loaded in torsion
C7.6.2 Reinforcement for compatibility torsion
C7.6.3 Torsional reinforcement details
C7.6.4 Design of reinforcement for torsion required for equilibrium
C7.6.5 Interaction between flexure and torsion
C7.7 Shear-friction
C7.7.1 General
C7.7.3 Design approach
C7.7.4 Shear-friction design method
C7.7.5 Maximum shear stress for shear friction
C7.7.8 Shear-friction reinforcement
C7.7.10 Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
C7.7.11 Shear friction in walls
C7.8 Elongation
REFERENCES
C8 STRESS DEVELOPMENT, DETAILING AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
C8.1 Notation
C8.2 Scope
C8.3 Spacing of reinforcement
C8.3.1 Clear distance between parallel bars
C8.3.4 Bundled bars
C8.3.5 Spacing of principal reinforcement in walls and slabs
C8.3.6 Spacing of outer bars in bridge decks or abutment walls
C8.3.7 Spacing between longitudinal bars in compression members
C8.3.8 Spacing between splices
C8.3.9 Spacing between pretensioning reinforcement
C8.3.10 Bundles of ducts for post-tensioned steel
C8.4 Bending of reinforcement
C8.4.3 Bending of welded wire fabric
C8.5 Welding of reinforcement
C8.5.1 Compliance with AS/NZS 1554: Part 3
C8.5.2 In-line quenched and tempered steel bars
C8.6 Development of reinforcement
C8.6.1 Development of reinforcement – General
C8.6.3 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
C8.6.4 Development length of plain bars and plain wire in tension
C8.6.5 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
C8.6.7 Development of bundled bars
C8.6.8 Development of welded plain and deformed wire fabric in tension
C8.6.9 Development of prestressing strand
C8.6.10 Standard hooks
C8.6.11 Mechanical anchorage
C8.6.12 Development of flexural reinforcement
C8.6.13 Development of positive moment reinforcement in tension
C8.6.14 Development of negative moment reinforcement in tension
C8.7 Splices in reinforcement
C8.7.1 General
C8.7.2 Lap splices of bars and wire in tension
C8.7.3 Lap splices of bars and wires in compression
C8.7.4 Welded splices and mechanical connections
C8.7.6 Splices of welded plain or deformed wire fabric
C8.8 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
C8.9 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
REFERENCES
C9 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS FORSTRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
C9.1 Notation
C9.3 General principles and design requirements for beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.1 General
C9.3.5 Distance between lateral supports of beams
C9.3.6 Control of flexural cracking
C9.3.7 Control of deflections
C9.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.9 Transverse reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.10 Special provisions for deep beams
C9.3.11 Openings in the web
C9.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C9.4.1 Dimension of beams
C9.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
C9.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
C9.4.4 Transverse reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
C9.4.5 Buckling restraint of longitudinal bars in potential ductile and limited ductile plastic regions
REFERENCES
C10 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS AND PIERS FOR STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY
C10.1 Notation
C10.3 General principles and design requirements for columns
C10.3.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
C10.3.2 Slenderness effects in columns
C10.3.3 Design cross-sectional dimensions for columns
C10.3.5 Transmission of axial force through floor systems
C10.3.6 Perimeter columns to be tied into floors
C10.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
C10.3.10 Transverse reinforcement in columns
C10.3.11 Composite compression members
C10.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C10.4.2 Protection of columns at the ultimate limit state
C10.4.3 Dimensions of columns
C10.4.4 Limit for design axial force on columns
C10.4.5 Ductile detailing length
C10.4.6 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
C10.4.7 Transverse reinforcement in columns
REFERENCES
C11 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL WALLS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
C11.1 Notation
C11.2 Scope
C11.3 General principles and design requirements for structural walls
C11.3.7 Walls with high axial loads
C11.3.8 Minimum thickness for compression flanges of walls
C11.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
C11.4.1 General seismic design requirements
C11.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
C11.4.3 Dimensional limitations
C11.4.5 Transverse reinforcement
C11.4.6 Shear strength
C11.4.8 Special splice and anchorage requirements
C11.4.9 Coupled shear walls
REFERENCES
C12 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TWO-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
C12.1 Notation
C12.2 Scope
C12.3 General
C12.4 Design procedures
C12.5 Design for flexure
C12.5.2 Effective area of concentrated loads
C12.5.3 Design moments from elastic thin plate theory
C12.5.4 Design moments from non-linear analysis
C12.5.5 Design moments from plastic theory
C12.5.6 Slab reinforcement
C12.6 Serviceability of slabs
C12.7 Design for shear
C12.7.1 Critical sections for shear
C12.7.6 Openings in slabs
C12.7.7 Transfer of moment and shear in slab column connections
C12.8 Design of reinforced concrete bridge decks
REFERENCES
C13 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGMS
C13.2 Scope and definitions
C13.3 General principles and design requirements
C13.3.1 Functions of diaphragms
C13.3.2 Analysis procedures
C13.3.3 Openings
C13.3.4 Stiffness
C13.3.6 Changes in depth
C13.3.7 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
C13.3.10 Reinforcement near plastic hinges in beams
C13.4 Additional design requirements for elements designed for ductility in earthquakes
C13.4.3 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
REFERENCES
C14 FOOTINGS, PILES AND PILE CAPS
C14.1 Notation
C14.2 Scope
C14.3 General principles and requirements
C14.3.4 Shear in footings
C14.3.6 Piled foundations
C14.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C14.4.1 Designing for ductility
C14.4.2 Pile caps
REFERENCES
C15 DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
C15.1 Notation
C15.2 Scope
C15.2.2 Alternative methods
C15.3 General principles and design requirements for beam-column joints
C15.3.1 Design criteria
C15.3.2 Design forces
C15.3.4 Maximum horizontal joint shear force
C15.3.5 Design principles, mechanisms on shear resistance
C15.3.6 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
C15.3.7 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
C15.3.8 Confinement
C15.4 Additional design requirements for beam-column joints with ductile, includinglimited ductile, members adjacent to the joint
C15.4.1 General
C15.4.2 Design forces
C15.4.3 Design assumptions
C15.4.4 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
C15.4.5 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
C15.4.6 Joints with wide columns and narrow beams
C15.4.7 Eccentric beam-column joints
REFERENCES
C16 BEARING STRENGTH, BRACKETS AND CORBELS
C16.3 Bearing strength
C16.3.1 General
C16.3.2 Exclusions
C16.4 Design of brackets and corbels
C16.4.1 Critical section for flexure
C16.4.3 Bearing area and bearing stresses
C16.4.4 Method of design
C16.5 Empirical design of corbels or brackets
C16.5.1 Depth at outside edge
C16.5.2 Design actions at the critical section
C16.5.3 Shear-friction reinforcement
C16.5.4 Maximum shear stress
C16.5.5 Reinforcement for flexure
C16.5.6 Reinforcement for axial tension force
C16.5.7 Primary tension reinforcement
C16.5.8 Closed stirrups or ties
C16.5.9 Ratio p
C16.5.10 Reinforcement As
C16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
C16.6.1 Principal reinforcement As
C16.6.2 Shear friction reinforcement
C16.7 Design requirements for beams supporting corbels of brackets
C16.8 Design requirements for ledges supporting precast units
C16.8.1 The ledge support of precast floor units
C16.8.2 Design of ledges
REFERENCES
C17 EMBEDDED ITEMS, ANCHORS AND SECONDARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
C17.1 Notation
C17.5 Anchors
C17.5.3 Inserts for lifting
C17.5.5 Strength of anchors by calculation
C17.5.6 Strength of cast-in anchors
C17.5.9 Durability and fire resistance
C17.6 Additional design requirements for anchors designed for earthquake effects
C17.6.1 Anchor design philosophy
C17.6.2 Anchors designed for seismic separation
C17.6.3 Anchors stronger than the overstrength capacity of the attachment
C17.6.4 Anchors designed to remain elastic
C17.6.5 Anchors designed for ductility
C17.6.6 Anchors in plastic hinge regions
REFERENCES
C18 PRECAST CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
C18.1 Notation
C18.2 Scope
C18.2.2 Composite concrete flexural members defined
C18.2.3 Composite concrete and structural steel not covered
C18.2.4 Section 18 in addition to other provisions of this Standard
C18.3 General
C18.3.1 Design to consider all loading and restraint conditions
C18.3.2 Include forces and deformations at connections
C18.3.4 Tolerances
C18.3.5 Long-term effects
C18.4 Distribution of forces among members
C18.4.1 Forces perpendicular to the axis of members
C18.4.2 In-plane forces
C18.5 Member design
C18.5.1 Prestressed slabs and wall panels
C18.5.2 Composite concrete flexural members
C18.5.4 Longitudinal shear in composite members
C18.5.5 Ties for longitudinal shear
C18.5.6 Precast shell beam construction
C18.6 Structural integrity and robustness
C18.6.1 Load path to lateral force-resisting systems
C18.6.2 Diaphragm action
C18.6.3 Wall structures
C18.6.4 Joints between vertical members
C18.6.5 Connections
C18.6.7 Deformation compatibility of precast flooring systems
C18.7 Connection and bearing design
C18.7.1 Transfer of forces between members
C18.7.3 Connections using different materials
C18.7.4 Floor or roof members supported by bearing on a seating
C18.7.5 Development of positive moment reinforcement
C18.7.6 Precast stairs and ramps
C18.8 Additional requirements for ductile structures designed for earthquake effects
C18.8.1 Seating requirements for ductile structures
C18.8.4 Broad categories of precast concrete seismic systems
REFERENCES
C19 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
C19.1 Notation
C19.2 Scope
C19.2.1 General
C19.2.2 Other provisions for prestressed concrete
C19.3 General principles and requirements
C19.3.2 Classification of prestressed members and sections
C19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements – flexural members
C19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons
C19.3.6 Flexural strength of beams and slabs
C19.3.9 Redistribution of design moments for ultimate limit state
C19.3.10 Slab systems
C19.3.11 Shear strength
C19.3.13 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons
C19.3.14 Curved tendons
C19.3.15 Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
C19.3.17 Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
C19.3.18 External post-tensioning
C19.4 Additional design requirements for earthquake actions
C19.4.2 Materials
C19.4.3 Beams and floor slabs
C19.4.4 Design of columns and piles
C19.4.5 Prestressed moment resisting frames
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CA – STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
CA1 Notation
CA2 Definitions
CA3 Scope and limitations
CA4 Strut-and-tie model design procedure
CA5 Strength of struts
CA6 Strength of ties
CA7 Strength of nodal zones
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CB – SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
CB2 Definitions
CB3 Scope and limitations
CB4 General design approach
CB5 Behaviour of connections
CB6 Design of moment resisting frames
CB7 Design of structural wall systems
CB8 System displacement compatibility issues
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CD – METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ACTIONS IN DUCTILE AND LIMITED DUCTILE MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AND WALLS
CD1 Notation
CD2 General
CD3 Columns multi-storey ductile frames
CD4 Ductile and limited ductile walls
CD5 Wall-frame structures – Ductile and limited ductile
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CE – SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
CE1 General
CE2 Shrinkage
CE3 Creep
CE4 Analysis of prestressed concrete structures for creep and shrinkage
REFERENCES
- B1
- B2
Amendments
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References
Supplementary cementitious materials - Part 3: Amorphous silica
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NZS 3101.1:2006 and NZS 3101.2:2006 Concrete structures standard
Committee Representation
Acknowledgement
Copyright
Amendments
Part 1: The design of concrete structures
Contents
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
FOREWORD
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Relationship to NZ Building Code
1.1.2 Application to bridges
1.1.3 Materials and workmanship requirements
1.1.4 Interpretation
1.2 Referenced documents
1.3 Design
1.3.1 Design responsibility
1.3.2 Design information
1.4 Construction
1.4.1 Construction reviewer
1.4.2 Construction review
1.5 Definitions
2 DESIGN PROCEDURES, LOADS AND ACTIONS
2.1 Notation
2.2 Design requirements
2.2.1 Design considerations
2.2.2 Design for strength and serviceability
2.2.3 Design for robustness, durability and fire resistance
2.2.4 Material properties
2.3 Design for strength and stability at the ultimate limit state
2.3.1 General
2.3.2 Design for strength
2.3.3 Design for stability
2.4 Design for serviceability
2.4.1 General
2.4.2 Deflection of beams and slabs
2.4.3 Minimum thickness
2.4.4 Crack control
2.5 Other design requirements
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Fatigue (serviceability limit state)
2.5.3 Structural diaphragms
2.6 Additional design requirements for earthquake effects
2.6.1 General
2.6.2 Seismic design actions
2.6.3 Serviceability limit state
2.6.4 Ultimate limit state
2.6.5 Capacity design
2.6.6 Additional requirements for nominally ductile structures
2.6.7 Additional requirements for ductile frames and limited ductile moment resisting frames
2.6.8 Ductile walls and dual structures
2.6.9 Structures incorporating mechanical energy dissipating devices
2.6.10 Secondary structural elements
3 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
3.1 Notation
3.1.1 Symbols
3.1.2 Abbreviations
3.2 Scope
3.2.1 Concrete
3.2.2 Cementitious binders
3.2.3 Design considerations
3.2.4 Design for particular environmental conditions
3.3 Design life
3.3.1 Specified intended life
3.4 Exposure classification
3.4.1 General
3.4.2 Environmental exposure classification
3.4.3 Chemical exposure classification
3.5 Requirements for aggressive soil and groundwater exposure classification XA
3.6 Minimum concrete curing requirements
3.7 Additional requirements for concrete exposure classification C
3.7.1 Supplementary cementitious materials
3.7.2 Water/binder ratio and binder content
3.7.3 Special concrete
3.8 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U
3.9 Finishing, strength and curing requirements for abrasion
3.9.1 Abrasion from traffic
3.9.2 Abrasion by waterborne material
3.10 Requirements for freezing and thawing
3.11 Requirements for concrete cover to reinforcing steel and tendons
3.11.1 General
3.11.2 Cover of reinforcement for concrete placement
3.11.3 Cover for corrosion protection
3.12 Chloride based life prediction models and durability enhancement measures
3.12.1 The use of life prediction models
3.12.2 Other durability enhancing measures
3.13 Protection of cast-in fixings and fastenings
3.13.1 Fixing and fastening protection
3.14 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete
3.14.1 Restriction on chloride ion content for corrosion protection
3.14.2 Restriction on sulphate content
3.14.3 Restriction on other salts
3.15 Alkali silica reaction
4 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
4.1 Notation
4.2 Scope
4.3 Design performance criteria
4.3.1 General performance criteria
4.3.2 General rules for the interpretation of tabular data and charts
4.3.3 Increase in axis distance for prestressing tendons
4.3.4 Joints
4.3.5 The effect of chases
4.3.6 Increasing FRRs by the addition of insulating materials
4.4 Fire resistance ratings for beams
4.4.1 Structural adequacy for beams incorporated in roof or floor systems
4.4.2 Structural adequacy for beams exposed to fire on all sides
4.5 Fire resistance ratings for slabs
4.5.1 Insulation for slabs
4.5.2 Structural adequacy for slabs
4.6 Fire resistance ratings for columns
4.6.1 Insulation and integrity for columns
4.6.2 Structural adequacy for columns
4.7 Fire resistance ratings for walls
4.7.1 Insulation for walls
4.7.2 Structural adequacy for walls
4.7.3 Chases and recesses for services in walls
4.8 External walls or wall panels that could collapse inward or outward due to fire
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Forces on connections
4.8.3 Design of connections
4.8.4 Fixing inserts
4.8.5 Walls spanning vertically
4.8.6 Walls spanning horizontally
4.9 Increase of fire resistance periods by use of insulating materials
4.9.1 General
4.9.2 Acceptable forms of insulation
4.9.3 Thickness of insulating material
4.9.4 Reinforcement in sprayed or trowelled insulating materials
4.10 Fire resistance rating by calculation
5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
5.1 Notation
5.2 Properties of concrete
5.2.1 Specified compressive strength
5.2.2 Applicable density range
5.2.3 Modulus of elasticity
5.2.4 Direct tensile strength concrete
5.2.5 Modulus of rupture for calculation of deflections
5.2.6 VOID
5.2.7 Poisson’s ratio
5.2.8 Stress-strain curves
5.2.9 Coefficient of thermal expansion
5.2.10 Shrinkage
5.2.11 Creep
5.3 Properties of reinforcement
5.3.1 Use of plain and deformed reinforcement
5.3.2 Reinforcement grades
5.3.3 Strength
5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity
5.3.5 Coefficient of thermal expansion
5.4 Properties of tendons
5.4.1 Strength
5.4.2 Modulus of elasticity
5.4.3 Stress-strain curves
5.4.4 Relaxation of tendons
5.5 Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete
6 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
6.1 Notation
6.2 General
6.2.1 Basis for structural analysis
6.2.2 Interpretation of the results of analysis
6.2.3 Methods of analysis
6.2.4 Vertical loads on continuous beams, frames and floor systems
6.2.5 Slabs where critical actions arise from individual wheel loads
6.3 Linear elastic analysis
6.3.1 Application
6.3.2 Span lengths
6.3.3 Analysis requirements
6.3.4 Critical sections for negative moments
6.3.5 Stiffness
6.3.6 Secondary bending moments and shears resulting from prestress
6.3.7 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete for ultimate limit state
6.3.8 Idealised frame method of analysis
6.4 Non-linear structural analysis
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Non-linear material effects
6.4.3 Non-linear geometric effects
6.4.4 Values of material properties
6.5 Plastic methods of analysis
6.5.1 General
6.5.2 Methods for beams and frames
6.5.3 Methods for slabs
6.6 Analysis using strut-and-tie models
6.7 Simplified methods of flexural analysis
6.7.1 General
6.7.2 Simplified method for reinforced continuous beams and one-way slabs
6.7.3 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slabs supported on four sides
6.7.4 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slab systems having multiple spans
6.8 Calculation of deflection of beams and slabs for serviceability limit state
6.8.1 General
6.8.2 Deflection calculation with a rational model
6.8.3 Calculation of deflection by empirical model
6.8.4 Calculation of deflection – prestressed concrete
6.8.5 Shored composite construction
6.9 Additional requirements for earthquake effects
6.9.1 Linear elastic analysis
7 FLEXURE, SHEAR, TORSION AND ELONGATION OF MEMBERS
7.1 Notation
7.2 Scope
7.3 General principles
7.4 Flexural strength of members with shear and with or without axial load
7.4.1 Flexural strength requirement
7.4.2 General design assumptions for flexural strength
7.5 Shear strength of members
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Maximum nominal shear stress, vmax
7.5.3 Nominal shear strength, Vn
7.5.4 Nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, Vc
7.5.5 Nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
7.5.6 Shear reinforcement details
7.5.7 Location and anchorage of reinforcement
7.5.8 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
7.5.9 Alternative methods for determining shear strength
7.5.10 Minimum area of shear reinforcement
7.6 Torsional strength of members with flexure and shear with and without axial loads
7.6.1 Members loaded in torsion
7.6.2 Reinforcement for compatibility torsion
7.6.3 Torsional reinforcement details
7.6.4 Design of reinforcement for torsion required for equilibrium
7.6.5 Interaction between flexure and torsion
7.7 Shear-friction
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Shear-friction design
7.7.3 Design approach
7.7.4 Shear-friction design method
7.7.5 Maximum shear stress for shear friction
7.7.6 Design yield strength of shear-friction reinforcement
7.7.7 Reinforcement for net tension across shear plane
7.7.8 Shear-friction reinforcement
7.7.9 Concrete placed against previously hardened concrete
7.7.10 Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
7.7.11 Shear friction in walls
7.8 Elongation
7.8.1 Elongation in reinforced concrete members and interaction of structural elements
7.8.2 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the ultimate limit state
7.8.3 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the maximum considered earthquake
7.8.4 Magnitude of elongation in plastic regions for the serviceability limit state
8 STRESS DEVELOPMENT, DETAILING AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
8.1 Notation
8.2 Scope
8.3 Spacing of reinforcement
8.3.1 Clear distance between parallel bars
8.3.2 Nominal maximum size of aggregate
8.3.3 Placement of parallel bars in layers
8.3.4 Bundled bars
8.3.5 Spacing of principal reinforcement in walls and slabs
8.3.6 Spacing of outer bars in bridge decks or abutment walls
8.3.7 Spacing between longitudinal bars in compression members
8.3.8 Spacing between splices
8.3.9 Spacing between pretensioning reinforcement
8.3.10 Bundles of ducts for post-tensioned steel
8.4 Bending of reinforcement
8.4.1 Compliance with NZS 3109
8.4.2 Bending of steel bar reinforcement
8.4.3 Bending of welded wire fabric
8.5 Welding of reinforcement
8.5.1 Compliance with AS/NZS 1554:Part 3
8.5.2 In-line quenched and tempered steel bars
8.5.3 Welds in proximity to bends
8.6 Development of reinforcement
8.6.1 Development of reinforcement – General
8.6.2 Development of shear and torsion reinforcement
8.6.3 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
8.6.4 Development length of plain bars and plain wire in tension
8.6.5 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
8.6.6 Development length of plain bars and plain wires in compression
8.6.7 Development of bundled bars
8.6.8 Development of welded plain and deformed wire fabric in tension
8.6.9 Development of prestressing strand
8.6.10 Standard hooks
8.6.11 Mechanical anchorage
8.6.12 Development of flexural reinforcement
8.6.13 Development of positive moment reinforcement in tension
8.6.14 Development of negative moment reinforcement in tension
8.7 Splices in reinforcement
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Lap splices of bars and wire in tension
8.7.3 Lap splices of bars and wires in compression
8.7.4 Welded splices
8.7.5 Mechanical connections
8.7.6 Splices of welded plain or deformed wire fabric
8.8 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
8.8.1 Floor and roof slab reinforcement
8.8.2 Large members
8.9 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
8.9.1 Splices in reinforcement
8.9.2 Development length
9 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
9.1 Notation
9.2 Scope
9.3 General principles and design requirements for beams and one-way slabs
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Strength of beams and one-way slabs in bending
9.3.3 Strength of beams and in shear
9.3.4 Strength of beams in torsion
9.3.5 Distance between lateral supports of beams
9.3.6 Control of flexural cracking
9.3.7 Control of deflections
9.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
9.3.9 Transverse reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
9.3.10 Special provisions for deep beams
9.3.11 Openings in the web
9.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility inearthquakes
9.4.1 Dimensions of beams
9.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
9.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams containing ductile or limited ductile plastic regions
9.4.4 Transverse reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
9.4.5 Buckling restraint of longitudinal bars in potential ductile and limited ductile plastic regions
10 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS AND PIERS FOR STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY
10.1 Notation
10.2 Scope
10.3 General principles and design requirements for columns
10.3.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
10.3.2 Slenderness effects in columns
10.3.3 Design cross-sectional dimensions for columns
10.3.4 Strength of columns in bending with axial force
10.3.5 Transmission of axial force through floor systems
10.3.6 Perimeter columns to be tied into floors
10.3.7 Strength of columns in torsion, shear and flexure
10.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
10.3.9 Splices of longitudinal reinforcement
10.3.10 Transverse reinforcement in columns
10.3.11 Composite compression members
10.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
10.4.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
10.4.2 Protection of columns at the ultimate limit state
10.4.3 Dimensions of columns
10.4.4 Limit for design axial force on columns
10.4.5 Ductile detailing length
10.4.6 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
10.4.7 Transverse reinforcement in columns
11 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL WALLS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
11.1 Notation
11.2 Scope
11.2.1 Application
11.2.2 Requirements determined by curvature ductility
11.2.3 Axial load limit on walls
11.3 General principles and design requirements for structural walls
11.3.1 General design principles
11.3.2 Minimum wall thickness
11.3.3 Maximum wall thickness for singly reinforced walls
11.3.4 Design for stability
11.3.5 Simplified stability assessment for slender singly reinforced walls
11.3.6 Simplified stability assessment for doubly reinforced concrete walls
11.3.7 Walls with high axial loads
11.3.8 Minimum thickness for compression flanges of walls
11.3.9 Flexural crack control
11.3.10 Strength of walls in flexure
11.3.11 Strength of walls in shear
11.3.12 Wall reinforcement
11.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
11.4.1 General seismic design requirements
11.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
11.4.3 Dimensional limitations
11.4.4 Reinforcement limits
11.4.5 Transverse reinforcement
11.4.6 Shear strength
11.4.7 Walls with openings
11.4.8 Special splice and anchorage requirements
11.4.9 Coupled shear walls
12 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TWO-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
12.1 Notation
12.2 Scope
12.3 General
12.3.1 Slab systems
12.3.2 Floor finishes
12.3.3 Recesses and pockets
12.3.4 Panelled ceilings
12.3.5 Prestressed concrete slabs
12.4 Design procedures
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Design methods
12.5 Design for flexure
12.5.1 General
12.5.2 Effective area of concentrated loads
12.5.3 Design moments from elastic thin plate theory
12.5.4 Design moments from non-linear analysis
12.5.5 Design moments from plastic theory
12.5.6 Slab reinforcement
12.6 Serviceability of slabs
12.6.1 General
12.6.2 Cracking
12.6.3 Deflections
12.7 Design for shear
12.7.1 Critical sections for shear
12.7.2 Design for two-way action
12.7.3 Shear strength
12.7.4 Shear reinforcement consisting of bars or wires or stirrups
12.7.5 Shear reinforcement consisting of structural steel I or channel-shaped sections andother equivalent devices
12.7.6 Openings in slabs
12.7.7 Transfer of moment and shear in slab column connections
12.8 Design of reinforced concrete bridge decks
12.8.1 Design methods
12.8.2 Empirical design based on assumed membrane action
12.8.3 Design based on elastic plate bending analysis
12.8.4 Span length of reinforced concrete bridge deck slabs
13 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGMS
13.1 Notation
13.2 Scope and definitions
13.3 General principles and design requirements
13.3.1 Functions of diaphragms
13.3.2 Analysis procedures
13.3.3 Openings
13.3.4 Stiffness
13.3.5 Reinforcement shall be anchored
13.3.6 Changes in depth
13.3.7 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
13.3.8 Reinforcement detailing for elastically responding diaphragms
13.3.9 Strength of diaphragms in shear
13.4 Additional design requirements for elements designed for ductility in earthquakes
13.4.1 Design forces for designed to dissipate energy diaphragms
13.4.2 Reinforcement detailing
13.4.3 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
14 FOOTINGS, PILES AND PILE CAPS
14.1 Notation
14.2 Scope
14.3 General principles and requirements
14.3.1 Serviceability and ultimate limit state design
14.3.2 Design of pile caps
14.3.3 Moment in footings
14.3.4 Shear in footings
14.3.5 Development of reinforcement in footings
14.3.6 Piled foundations
14.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility inearthquakes
14.4.1 Designing for ductility
14.4.2 Pile caps
15 DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
15.1 Notation
15.2 Scope
15.2.1 General
15.2.2 Alternative methods
15.3 General principles and design requirements for beam-column joints
15.3.1 Design criteria
15.3.2 Design forces
15.3.3 Consideration of concurrency
15.3.4 Maximum horizontal joint shear force
15.3.5 Design principles, mechanisms of shear resistance
15.3.6 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
15.3.7 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
15.3.8 Confinement
15.4 Additional design requirements for beam-column joints with ductile, includinglimited ductile, members adjacent to the joint
15.4.1 General
15.4.2 Design forces
15.4.3 Design assumptions
15.4.4 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
15.4.5 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
15.4.6 Joints with wide columns and narrow beams
15.4.7 Eccentric beam-column joints
15.4.8 Maximum diameter of longitudinal beam bars passing through joints
15.4.9 Maximum diameter of column bars passing through joint
16 BEARING STRENGTH, BRACKETS AND CORBELS
16.1 Notation
16.2 Scope
16.3 Bearing strength
16.3.1 General
16.3.2 Exclusions
16.3.3 Strength reduction factor
16.3.4 Calculation of A1 and A2
16.4 Design of brackets and corbels
16.4.1 Critical section for flexure
16.4.2 Design actions and limiting dimensions for a corbel
16.4.3 Bearing area and bearing stresses
16.4.4 Method of design
16.5 Empirical design of corbels or brackets
16.5.1 Depth at outside edge
16.5.2 Design actions at the critical section
16.5.3 Shear-friction reinforcement
16.5.4 Maximum shear stress
16.5.5 Reinforcement for flexure
16.5.6 Reinforcement for axial tension force
16.5.7 Primary tension reinforcement
16.5.8 Closed stirrups or ties
16.5.9 Minimum ratio for p
16.5.10 Reinforcement As
16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
16.6.1 Principal reinforcement As
16.6.2 Shear friction reinforcement
16.7 Design requirements for beams supporting corbels or brackets
16.8 Design requirements for ledges supporting precast units
16.8.1 The ledge support of precast floor units
16.8.2 Design of ledges
17 EMBEDDED ITEMS, ANCHORS AND SECONDARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
17.1 Notation
17.2 Scope
17.3 Design procedures
17.4 Embedded items
17.5 Anchors
17.5.1 General
17.5.2 Design forces
17.5.3 Inserts for lifting
17.5.4 Strength of anchors by testing
17.5.5 Strength of anchors by calculation
17.5.6 Strength of cast-in anchors
17.5.7 Lower characteristic strength of anchor in tension
17.5.8 Lower characteristic strength of anchor in shear
17.5.9 Durability and fire resistance
17.6 Additional design requirements for anchors designed for earthquake effects
17.6.1 Anchor design philosophy
17.6.2 Anchors designed for seismic separation
17.6.3 Anchors stronger than the overstrength capacity of the attachment
17.6.4 Anchors designed to remain elastic
17.6.5 Anchors designed for ductility
17.6.6 Anchors in plastic hinge regions
18 PRECAST CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
18.1 Notation
18.2 Scope
18.2.1 Precast concrete defined
18.2.2 Composite concrete flexural members defined
18.2.3 Composite concrete and structural steel not covered
18.2.4 Section 18 in addition to other provisions of this Standard
18.3 General
18.3.1 Design to consider all loading and restraint conditions
18.3.2 Include forces and deformations at connections
18.3.3 Consider serviceability and ultimate limit states
18.3.4 Tolerances
18.3.5 Effects to be taken into consideration
18.4 Distribution of forces among members
18.4.1 Forces perpendicular to the axis of the member
18.4.2 In-plane forces
18.5 Member design
18.5.1 Prestressed slabs and wall panels
18.5.2 Composite concrete flexural members
18.5.3 Shear resisted by composite and non-composite sections
18.5.4 Longitudinal shear in composite members
18.5.5 Ties for longitudinal shear
18.5.6 Precast shell beam construction
18.6 Structural integrity and robustness
18.6.1 Load path to lateral force-resisting systems
18.6.2 Diaphragm action
18.6.3 Wall structures
18.6.4 Joints between vertical members
18.6.5 Connections
18.6.6 Frames supporting precast floors
18.6.7 Deformation compatibility of precast flooring systems
18.7 Connection and bearing design
18.7.1 Transfer of forces between members
18.7.2 Void
18.7.3 Connections using different materials
18.7.4 Floor or roof members supported by bearing on a seating
18.7.5 Development of positive moment reinforcement
18.7.6 Precast stairs and ramps
18.8 Additional requirements for ductile structures designed for earthquake effects
18.8.1 Seating requirements for ductile structures
18.8.2 Detailing requirements for support of rib and infill floors
18.8.3 Composite concrete flexural members
18.8.4 Broad categories of precast concrete seismic systems
19 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
19.1 Notation
19.2 Scope
19.2.1 General
19.2.2 Other provisions for prestressed concrete
19.3 General principles and requirements
19.3.1 General design assumptions
19.3.2 Classification of prestressed members and sections
19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements – flexural members
19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons
19.3.5 Ultimate limit state design requirements
19.3.6 Flexural strength of beams and slabs
19.3.7 Compression members – combined flexure and axial loads
19.3.8 Statically indeterminate structures
19.3.9 Redistribution of design moments for ultimate limit state
19.3.10 Slab systems
19.3.11 Shear strength
19.3.12 Torsional strength
19.3.13 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons
19.3.14 Curved tendons
19.3.15 Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
19.3.16 Post-tensioning ducts
19.3.17 Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
19.3.18 External post-tensioning
19.4 Additional design requirements for earthquake actions
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Materials
19.4.3 Beams and floor slabs
19.4.4 Design of columns and piles
19.4.5 Prestressed moment resisting frames
19.4.6 Design of hybrid jointed frames
APPENDIX A – STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
A1 Notation
A2 Definitions
A3 Scope and limitations
A4 Strut-and-tie model design procedure
A5 Strength of struts
A6 Strength of ties
A7 Strength of nodal zones
A8 Considerations of seismic actions
APPENDIX B – SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
B2 Definitions
B3 Scope and limitations
B4 General design approach
B5 Behaviour of connections
B6 Design of moment resisting frames
B7 Design of structural wall systems
B8 System displacement compatibility issues
APPENDIX D – METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ACTIONS IN DUCTILE AND LIMITED DUCTILE MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AND WALLS
D1 Notation
D2 General
D3 Columns multi-storey ductile frames
D4 Ductile and limited ductile walls
D5 Wall-frame structures – Ductile and limited ductile
APPENDIX E – SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
E1 Notation
E2 Shrinkage
E3 Creep
INDEX
Part 2: Commentary on the design of concrete structures
Contents
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
C1 GENERAL
C1.1 Scope
C1.3 Design
C1.4 Construction
C1.5 Definitions
REFERENCES
C2 DESIGN PROCEDURES, LOADS AND ACTIONS
C2.1 Notation
C2.2 Design requirements
C2.2.1 Design considerations
C2.2.3 Design for robustness, durability and fire resistance
C2.3 Design for strength and stability at the ultimate limit state
C2.3.2 Design for strength
C2.4 Design for serviceability
C2.4.1 General
C2.4.2 Deflection
C2.4.3 Minimum thickness
C2.4.4 Crack control
C2.5 Other design requirements
C2.5.1 General
C2.5.2 Fatigue (serviceability limit state)
C2.5.3 Structural diaphragms
C2.6 Additional design requirements for earthquake effects
C2.6.1 General
C2.6.2 Seismic actions
C2.6.3 Serviceability limit state
C2.6.4 Ultimate limit state
C2.6.5 Capacity design
C2.6.6 Additional requirements for nominally ductile structures
C2.6.7 Additional requirements for ductile and limited ductile moment resisting frames
C2.6.8 Ductile walls and dual systems
C2.6.9 Structures incorporating mechanical energy dissipating devices
C2.6.10 Secondary structural elements
REFERENCES
C3 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY
C3.2 Scope
C3.2.1 Concrete
C3.2.3 Design considerations
C3.2.4 Design for particular environmental conditions
C3.3 Design life
C3.3.1 Specified intended life
C3.4 Exposure classification
C3.4.3 Chemical exposure classification
C3.5 Requirements for aggressive soil and groundwater exposure classification XA
C3.6 Minimum concrete curing requirements
C3.7 Additional requirements for concrete for exposure classification C
C3.7.1 Supplementary cementitious materials
C3.7.2 Water/binder ratio and binder content
C3.8 Requirements for concrete for exposure classification U
C3.9 Finishing, strength and curing requirements for abrasion
C3.10 Requirements for freezing and thawing
C3.11 Requirements for concrete cover to reinforcing steel and tendons
C3.11.2 Cover of reinforcement for concrete placement
C3.11.3 Cover for corrosion protection
C3.12 Chloride based life prediction models and durability enhancement measures
C3.12.1 The use of life prediction models
C3.12.2 Other durability enhancing measures
C3.13 Protection of cast-in fixings and fastenings
C3.14 Restrictions on chemical content in concrete
C3.14.1 Restriction on chloride ion for corrosion protection
C3.14.2 Restriction on sulphate content
C3.14.3 Restriction on other salts
C3.15 Alkali silica reaction, ASR
REFERENCES
C4 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
C4.1 Notation
C4.2 Scope
C4.3 Design performance criteria
C4.3.1 General performance criteria
C4.3.2 General rules for the interpretation of tabular data and charts
C4.3.3 Increase in axis distance for prestressing tendons
C4.4 Fire resistance ratings for beams
C4.5 Fire resistance ratings for slabs
C4.5.1 Insulation for slabs
C4.5.2 Structural adequacy for slabs
C4.6 Fire resistance ratings for columns
C4.7 Fire resistance ratings for walls
C4.7.1 Insulation for walls
C4.7.2 Structural adequacy for walls
C4.8 External walls or wall panels that could collapse inward or outward due to fire
C4.8.1 General
C4.8.2 Forces on connections
C4.8.3 Design of connections
C4.8.4 Fixing inserts
C4.10 Fire resistance rating by calculation
REFERENCES
C5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
C5.1 Notation
C5.2 Properties of concrete
C5.2.1 Specified compressive strength
C5.2.2 Applicable density range
C5.2.3 Modulus of elasticity
C5.2.4 Direct tensile strength concrete
C5.2.5 Modulus of rupture for calculation of deflections
C5.2.6 Void
C5.2.9 Coefficient of thermal expansion
C5.2.10 and C5.2.11 Shrinkage & creep
C5.3 Properties of reinforcement
C5.3.1 Use of plain and deformed reinforcement
C5.3.2 Reinforcement grades
C5.3.3 Strength
C5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity
C5.4 Properties of tendons
C5.4.3 Stress–strain curves
C5.5 Properties of steel fibre reinforced concrete
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A TO C5 DESIGN PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
C5A TEST AND DESIGN METHODS FOR STEEL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO MONOTONIC LOADING
C5.A1 Notation
C5.A2 Introduction
C5.A3 Material properties
C5.A4 Design at ultimate limit states
C5.A5 Design at serviceability limit states
C5.A6 Detailing provisions
C5.A7 Derivation of stresses in s – e diagram test
REFERENCES
C6 METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
C6.1 Notation
C6.2 General
C6.2.1 Basis for structural analysis
C6.2.2 Interpretation of the results of analysis
C6.2.3 Methods of analysis
C6.2.4 Vertical loads on continuous beams, frames and floor systems
C6.3 Linear elastic analysis
C6.3.1 Application
C6.3.2 Span lengths
C6.3.5 Stiffness
C6.3.6 Secondary bending moments and shears resulting from prestress
C6.3.7 Moment redistribution in reinforced concrete for ultimate limit state
C6.3.8 Idealised frame method of analysis
C6.4 Non-linear structural analysis
C6.4.1 General
C6.4.2 Non-linear material effects
C6.4.3 Non-linear geometric effects
C6.4.4 Values of material properties
C6.5 Plastic methods of analysis
C6.6 Analysis using strut-and-tie models
C6.7 Simplified methods of flexural analysis
C6.7.1 General
C6.7.2 Simplified method for reinforced continuous beams and one-way slabs
C6.7.3 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slabs supported on four sides
C6.7.4 Simplified method for reinforced two-way slab systems having multiple spans
C6.8 Calculation of deflection of beams and slabs for serviceability limit state
C6.8.2 Deflection calculation with a rational model
C6.8.3 Calculation of deflection by empirical method
C6.8.4 Calculation of deflection – prestressed concrete
C6.8.5 Shored composite construction
C6.9.1 Linear elastic analysis
REFERENCES
C7 FLEXURE, SHEAR, TORSION AND ELONGATION OF MEMBERS
C7.1 Notation
C7.2 Scope
C7.3 General principles
C7.4 Flexural strength of members with shear and with or without axial load
C7.4.1 Flexural strength requirement
C7.4.2 General design assumptions for flexural strength
C7.5 Shear strength of members
C7.5.1 General
C7.5.2 Maximum nominal shear stress, vmax
C7.5.3 Nominal shear strength, Vn
C7.5.4 Nominal shear strength provided by the concrete, Vc
C7.5.5 Nominal shear strength provided by the shear reinforcement
C7.5.7 Location and anchorage of reinforcement
C7.5.8 Design yield strength of shear reinforcement
C7.5.9 Alternative methods for determining shear strength
C7.5.10 Minimum area of shear reinforcement
C7.6 Torsional strength of members with flexure and shear with and without axial loads
C7.6.1 Members loaded in torsion
C7.6.2 Reinforcement for compatibility torsion
C7.6.3 Torsional reinforcement details
C7.6.4 Design of reinforcement for torsion required for equilibrium
C7.6.5 Interaction between flexure and torsion
C7.7 Shear-friction
C7.7.1 General
C7.7.3 Design approach
C7.7.4 Shear-friction design method
C7.7.5 Maximum shear stress for shear friction
C7.7.8 Shear-friction reinforcement
C7.7.10 Concrete placed against as-rolled structural steel
C7.7.11 Shear friction in walls
C7.8 Elongation
REFERENCES
C8 STRESS DEVELOPMENT, DETAILING AND SPLICING OF REINFORCEMENT AND TENDONS
C8.1 Notation
C8.2 Scope
C8.3 Spacing of reinforcement
C8.3.1 Clear distance between parallel bars
C8.3.4 Bundled bars
C8.3.5 Spacing of principal reinforcement in walls and slabs
C8.3.6 Spacing of outer bars in bridge decks or abutment walls
C8.3.7 Spacing between longitudinal bars in compression members
C8.3.8 Spacing between splices
C8.3.9 Spacing between pretensioning reinforcement
C8.3.10 Bundles of ducts for post-tensioned steel
C8.4 Bending of reinforcement
C8.4.3 Bending of welded wire fabric
C8.5 Welding of reinforcement
C8.5.1 Compliance with AS/NZS 1554: Part 3
C8.5.2 In-line quenched and tempered steel bars
C8.6 Development of reinforcement
C8.6.1 Development of reinforcement – General
C8.6.3 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
C8.6.4 Development length of plain bars and plain wire in tension
C8.6.5 Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
C8.6.7 Development of bundled bars
C8.6.8 Development of welded plain and deformed wire fabric in tension
C8.6.9 Development of prestressing strand
C8.6.10 Standard hooks
C8.6.11 Mechanical anchorage
C8.6.12 Development of flexural reinforcement
C8.6.13 Development of positive moment reinforcement in tension
C8.6.14 Development of negative moment reinforcement in tension
C8.7 Splices in reinforcement
C8.7.1 General
C8.7.2 Lap splices of bars and wire in tension
C8.7.3 Lap splices of bars and wires in compression
C8.7.4 Welded splices and mechanical connections
C8.7.6 Splices of welded plain or deformed wire fabric
C8.8 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
C8.9 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
REFERENCES
C9 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS FORSTRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
C9.1 Notation
C9.3 General principles and design requirements for beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.1 General
C9.3.5 Distance between lateral supports of beams
C9.3.6 Control of flexural cracking
C9.3.7 Control of deflections
C9.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.9 Transverse reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
C9.3.10 Special provisions for deep beams
C9.3.11 Openings in the web
C9.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C9.4.1 Dimension of beams
C9.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
C9.4.3 Longitudinal reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
C9.4.4 Transverse reinforcement in beams of ductile structures
C9.4.5 Buckling restraint of longitudinal bars in potential ductile and limited ductile plastic regions
REFERENCES
C10 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS AND PIERS FOR STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY
C10.1 Notation
C10.3 General principles and design requirements for columns
C10.3.1 Strength calculations at the ultimate limit state
C10.3.2 Slenderness effects in columns
C10.3.3 Design cross-sectional dimensions for columns
C10.3.5 Transmission of axial force through floor systems
C10.3.6 Perimeter columns to be tied into floors
C10.3.8 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
C10.3.10 Transverse reinforcement in columns
C10.3.11 Composite compression members
C10.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C10.4.2 Protection of columns at the ultimate limit state
C10.4.3 Dimensions of columns
C10.4.4 Limit for design axial force on columns
C10.4.5 Ductile detailing length
C10.4.6 Longitudinal reinforcement in columns
C10.4.7 Transverse reinforcement in columns
REFERENCES
C11 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL WALLS FOR STRENGTH, SERVICEABILITY AND DUCTILITY
C11.1 Notation
C11.2 Scope
C11.3 General principles and design requirements for structural walls
C11.3.7 Walls with high axial loads
C11.3.8 Minimum thickness for compression flanges of walls
C11.4 Additional design requirements for members designed for ductility in earthquakes
C11.4.1 General seismic design requirements
C11.4.2 Ductile detailing lengths
C11.4.3 Dimensional limitations
C11.4.5 Transverse reinforcement
C11.4.6 Shear strength
C11.4.8 Special splice and anchorage requirements
C11.4.9 Coupled shear walls
REFERENCES
C12 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TWO-WAY SLABS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
C12.1 Notation
C12.2 Scope
C12.3 General
C12.4 Design procedures
C12.5 Design for flexure
C12.5.2 Effective area of concentrated loads
C12.5.3 Design moments from elastic thin plate theory
C12.5.4 Design moments from non-linear analysis
C12.5.5 Design moments from plastic theory
C12.5.6 Slab reinforcement
C12.6 Serviceability of slabs
C12.7 Design for shear
C12.7.1 Critical sections for shear
C12.7.6 Openings in slabs
C12.7.7 Transfer of moment and shear in slab column connections
C12.8 Design of reinforced concrete bridge decks
REFERENCES
C13 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGMS
C13.2 Scope and definitions
C13.3 General principles and design requirements
C13.3.1 Functions of diaphragms
C13.3.2 Analysis procedures
C13.3.3 Openings
C13.3.4 Stiffness
C13.3.6 Changes in depth
C13.3.7 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
C13.3.10 Reinforcement near plastic hinges in beams
C13.4 Additional design requirements for elements designed for ductility in earthquakes
C13.4.3 Diaphragms incorporating precast concrete elements
REFERENCES
C14 FOOTINGS, PILES AND PILE CAPS
C14.1 Notation
C14.2 Scope
C14.3 General principles and requirements
C14.3.4 Shear in footings
C14.3.6 Piled foundations
C14.4 Additional design requirements for structures designed for earthquake effects
C14.4.1 Designing for ductility
C14.4.2 Pile caps
REFERENCES
C15 DESIGN OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
C15.1 Notation
C15.2 Scope
C15.2.2 Alternative methods
C15.3 General principles and design requirements for beam-column joints
C15.3.1 Design criteria
C15.3.2 Design forces
C15.3.4 Maximum horizontal joint shear force
C15.3.5 Design principles, mechanisms on shear resistance
C15.3.6 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
C15.3.7 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
C15.3.8 Confinement
C15.4 Additional design requirements for beam-column joints with ductile, includinglimited ductile, members adjacent to the joint
C15.4.1 General
C15.4.2 Design forces
C15.4.3 Design assumptions
C15.4.4 Horizontal joint shear reinforcement
C15.4.5 Vertical joint shear reinforcement
C15.4.6 Joints with wide columns and narrow beams
C15.4.7 Eccentric beam-column joints
REFERENCES
C16 BEARING STRENGTH, BRACKETS AND CORBELS
C16.3 Bearing strength
C16.3.1 General
C16.3.2 Exclusions
C16.4 Design of brackets and corbels
C16.4.1 Critical section for flexure
C16.4.3 Bearing area and bearing stresses
C16.4.4 Method of design
C16.5 Empirical design of corbels or brackets
C16.5.1 Depth at outside edge
C16.5.2 Design actions at the critical section
C16.5.3 Shear-friction reinforcement
C16.5.4 Maximum shear stress
C16.5.5 Reinforcement for flexure
C16.5.6 Reinforcement for axial tension force
C16.5.7 Primary tension reinforcement
C16.5.8 Closed stirrups or ties
C16.5.9 Ratio p
C16.5.10 Reinforcement As
C16.6 Design requirement by strut and tie method
C16.6.1 Principal reinforcement As
C16.6.2 Shear friction reinforcement
C16.7 Design requirements for beams supporting corbels of brackets
C16.8 Design requirements for ledges supporting precast units
C16.8.1 The ledge support of precast floor units
C16.8.2 Design of ledges
REFERENCES
C17 EMBEDDED ITEMS, ANCHORS AND SECONDARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
C17.1 Notation
C17.5 Anchors
C17.5.3 Inserts for lifting
C17.5.5 Strength of anchors by calculation
C17.5.6 Strength of cast-in anchors
C17.5.9 Durability and fire resistance
C17.6 Additional design requirements for anchors designed for earthquake effects
C17.6.1 Anchor design philosophy
C17.6.2 Anchors designed for seismic separation
C17.6.3 Anchors stronger than the overstrength capacity of the attachment
C17.6.4 Anchors designed to remain elastic
C17.6.5 Anchors designed for ductility
C17.6.6 Anchors in plastic hinge regions
REFERENCES
C18 PRECAST CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
C18.1 Notation
C18.2 Scope
C18.2.2 Composite concrete flexural members defined
C18.2.3 Composite concrete and structural steel not covered
C18.2.4 Section 18 in addition to other provisions of this Standard
C18.3 General
C18.3.1 Design to consider all loading and restraint conditions
C18.3.2 Include forces and deformations at connections
C18.3.4 Tolerances
C18.3.5 Long-term effects
C18.4 Distribution of forces among members
C18.4.1 Forces perpendicular to the axis of members
C18.4.2 In-plane forces
C18.5 Member design
C18.5.1 Prestressed slabs and wall panels
C18.5.2 Composite concrete flexural members
C18.5.4 Longitudinal shear in composite members
C18.5.5 Ties for longitudinal shear
C18.5.6 Precast shell beam construction
C18.6 Structural integrity and robustness
C18.6.1 Load path to lateral force-resisting systems
C18.6.2 Diaphragm action
C18.6.3 Wall structures
C18.6.4 Joints between vertical members
C18.6.5 Connections
C18.6.7 Deformation compatibility of precast flooring systems
C18.7 Connection and bearing design
C18.7.1 Transfer of forces between members
C18.7.3 Connections using different materials
C18.7.4 Floor or roof members supported by bearing on a seating
C18.7.5 Development of positive moment reinforcement
C18.7.6 Precast stairs and ramps
C18.8 Additional requirements for ductile structures designed for earthquake effects
C18.8.1 Seating requirements for ductile structures
C18.8.4 Broad categories of precast concrete seismic systems
REFERENCES
C19 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
C19.1 Notation
C19.2 Scope
C19.2.1 General
C19.2.2 Other provisions for prestressed concrete
C19.3 General principles and requirements
C19.3.2 Classification of prestressed members and sections
C19.3.3 Serviceability limit state requirements – flexural members
C19.3.4 Loss of prestress in tendons
C19.3.6 Flexural strength of beams and slabs
C19.3.9 Redistribution of design moments for ultimate limit state
C19.3.10 Slab systems
C19.3.11 Shear strength
C19.3.13 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons
C19.3.14 Curved tendons
C19.3.15 Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
C19.3.17 Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
C19.3.18 External post-tensioning
C19.4 Additional design requirements for earthquake actions
C19.4.2 Materials
C19.4.3 Beams and floor slabs
C19.4.4 Design of columns and piles
C19.4.5 Prestressed moment resisting frames
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CA – STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
CA1 Notation
CA2 Definitions
CA3 Scope and limitations
CA4 Strut-and-tie model design procedure
CA5 Strength of struts
CA6 Strength of ties
CA7 Strength of nodal zones
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CB – SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF DUCTILE JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
CB2 Definitions
CB3 Scope and limitations
CB4 General design approach
CB5 Behaviour of connections
CB6 Design of moment resisting frames
CB7 Design of structural wall systems
CB8 System displacement compatibility issues
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CD – METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF ACTIONS IN DUCTILE AND LIMITED DUCTILE MULTI-STOREY FRAMES AND WALLS
CD1 Notation
CD2 General
CD3 Columns multi-storey ductile frames
CD4 Ductile and limited ductile walls
CD5 Wall-frame structures – Ductile and limited ductile
REFERENCES
APPENDIX CE – SHRINKAGE AND CREEP
CE1 General
CE2 Shrinkage
CE3 Creep
CE4 Analysis of prestressed concrete structures for creep and shrinkage
REFERENCES
- B1
- B2
Amendments
Previous versions
NZS 3101.1&2:2006 (Inc A1, A2 A3)
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