ISO 17636-1:2022
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
This document specifies techniques of radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials using industrial radiographic film techniques with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
It applies to the joints of plates and pipes in metallic materials. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this document covers other cylindrical bodies, such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels.
This document does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the radiographs. The ISO 10675 series provides information on acceptance levels for weld evaluation.
If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved will be significantly lower than when this document is strictly applied.
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Classification of radiographic techniques
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
6.4 Identification of radiographs
6.5 Marking
6.6 Overlap of films
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQIs)
6.8 Evaluation of image quality
6.9 Minimum image quality values
6.10 Personnel qualification
7 Recommended techniques
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Single-wall penetration of plane objects (see Figure 1)
7.1.3 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source outside the object (see Figures 2 to 4)
7.1.4 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source inside the object for panoramic exposure (see Figures 5 to 7)
7.1.5 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source located off-centre and inside the object (see Figures 8 to 10)
7.1.6 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) of pipes with the elliptic technique and the source and the film outside the object (see Figure 11)
7.1.7 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) with the perpendicular technique and source and film outside the object (see Figure 12)
7.1.8 Double-wall penetration and single-image evaluation (DWSI) of curved objects for evaluation of the wall next to the film (see Figures 13 to 16)
7.1.9 Penetration of objects with different material thicknesses (see Figure 17 to 19)
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV
7.2.2 Other radiation sources
7.3 Film systems and metal screens
7.4 Alignment of beam
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation
7.5.1 Metal filters and collimators
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation
7.6 Source-to-object distance
7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure
7.8 Optical density of radiograph
7.9 Processing
7.10 Film viewing conditions
8 Test report
Annex A (normative) Number of exposures for acceptable testing of a circumferential butt weld
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values
Annex C (informative) Calculation of maximum X-ray tube voltages from Figure 20
Bibliography
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Foreword
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5 Classification of radiographic techniques
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
6.4 Identification of radiographs
6.5 Marking
6.6 Overlap of films
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQIs)
6.8 Evaluation of image quality
6.9 Minimum image quality values
6.10 Personnel qualification
7 Recommended techniques
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
7.1.2 Single-wall penetration of plane objects (see Figure 1)
7.1.3 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source outside the object (see Figures 2 to 4)
7.1.4 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source inside the object for panoramic exposure (see Figures 5 to 7)
7.1.5 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source located off-centre and inside the object (see Figures 8 to 10)
7.1.6 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) of pipes with the elliptic technique and the source and the film outside the object (see Figure 11)
7.1.7 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) with the perpendicular technique and source and film outside the object (see Figure 12)
7.1.8 Double-wall penetration and single-image evaluation (DWSI) of curved objects for evaluation of the wall next to the film (see Figures 13 to 16)
7.1.9 Penetration of objects with different material thicknesses (see Figure 17 to 19)
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV
7.2.2 Other radiation sources
7.3 Film systems and metal screens
7.4 Alignment of beam
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation
7.5.1 Metal filters and collimators
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation
7.6 Source-to-object distance
7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure
7.8 Optical density of radiograph
7.9 Processing
7.10 Film viewing conditions
8 Test report
Annex A (normative) Number of exposures for acceptable testing of a circumferential butt weld
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values
Annex C (informative) Calculation of maximum X-ray tube voltages from Figure 20
Bibliography