NZS 4298:2024
Materials and construction for earth buildings
Sets minimum standards for earth materials. When applied by designers, building consent officers, and builders, NZS 4298:2024 provides these users with a cost-effective means of compliance, and practical guidance on earth materials, their testing, and how to use them when constructing earth buildings.
NZS 4298:2024 should be read and applied alongside NZS 4297:2024 and 4299:2024, which provide design details and other criteria for building successful earth buildings.
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1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope and objective
1.1.1 Scope
1.1.2 Objective
1.1.3 Standard grade and special grade earth
1.1.4 Earth wall density
1.1.5 Earth mortar exclusions
1.2 Interpretation
1.2.1 Shall and should
1.2.2 Commentary clauses
1.2.3 Reference documents
1.2.4 Nominal dimensions
1.2.5 Normative appendices
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Abbreviations
1.5 Construction monitoring
1.5.1 Adequate monitoring
1.5.2 Extent of monitoring
1.6 Construction
1.6.1 Components
1.6.2 Inspection
1.7 Application
1.7.1 Rammed earth
1.7.2 Adobe
1.7.3 Pressed earth brick
1.7.4 Cob
1.7.5 Poured earth and in-situ adobe
1.7.6 Grouting cavities
1.7.7 Surface coatings
1.7.8 Earth floors
2 MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION
2.1 General
2.2 Soil
2.2.0
2.2.1 Scope
2.2.2 Outside of scope
2.2.3 Other materials and proprietary products
2.3 Materials other than soil
2.3.1 Reinforcement
2.3.2 Aggregate
2.3.3 Water
2.3.4 Admixtures and stabilisers
2.3.5 Moisture content
2.3.6 Storage and handling of materials
2.3.7 Joints
2.3.8 Curing and drying
2.3.8.1
2.3.8.2
2.3.8.3
2.3.8.4
2.3.9 Services, fittings, chases, sleeves, conduits, pipes
2.3.9.1
2.3.9.2
2.3.9.3 Services locations
2.3.9.4 Chasing
2.3.10 Cement grout
2.3.11 Mixing of earth
2.3.11.1
2.3.11.2
2.4 Mortar
2.4.1 Measurement of materials
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2
2.4.2 Composition and mixing
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4 Sand/lime putty/cement mortars
2.4.2.5 Earth-based mortars
2.4.3 Properties
2.4.3.1
2.4.3.2
2.4.3.3
2.4.3.4
2.4.3.5
2.4.3.6
2.4.4 Construction
2.4.4.1
2.4.4.2
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
2.5 Materials testing for standard grade earth construction
2.5.1 Tests before commencing construction
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3
2.5.2 Quality control tests during construction
2.5.2.1
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.3
2.5.2.4
2.5.2.5
2.6 Materials testing for special grade earth wall construction
2.6.1 Tests before commencing construction
2.6.1.1
2.6.1.2
2.6.2 Target strength for quality control of special grade earth materials
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
2.6.3 Quality control tests during construction
2.6.4 Non-compliance
2.7 Initial preparation
2.7.1 General
2.7.1.1
2.7.1.2
2.7.1.3
2.7.2 Concrete base
2.7.3 Starter bars
2.7.3.1
2.7.3.2
2.8 Reinforcement details
2.8.1 General
2.8.1.1
2.8.1.2
2.8.1.3
2.8.1.4
2.8.2 Vertical reinforcement
2.8.2.1
2.8.2.2
2.8.2.3
2.8.2.4
2.8.2.5
2.8.2.6
2.8.3 Horizontal reinforcement
2.8.3.1
2.8.3.2
2.8.3.3
2.8.3.4
2.8.3.5
2.8.4 Splices in steel reinforcement
2.8.4.1
Splices in reinforcement embedded in earth shall be mechanical connections that comply with 2.8.4.3 or be 50 mm lap welds carried out in accordance with NZS 3101 clause 8.5.
2.8.4.2
2.8.4.3
2.8.5 Connecting geogrid reinforcing
2.8.5.1
2.8.5.2
2.8.6 Tolerances
2.8.6.1
2.8.6.2 Reinforcement placing tolerances
2.8.7 Cover and corrosion protection
2.8.7.1
2.8.7.2
2.8.7.3
2.8.7.4
2.9 Quality control
2.10 Bracing during construction
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11 Cold weather construction
2.12 Hot weather construction
2.13 Protection during construction
2.14 Control joints
2.14.1
2.15 Surface finish
2.16 Bond beams
2.17 Timber diaphragms and timber bond beams
3 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR RAMMED EARTH
3
3.0
3.1 Moisture content
3.1.0
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2 Compaction
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3 Tolerances
3.4 Control joints
3.5 Construction joints
3.5.1 Cold joints
3.5.2 Fresh mix
3.5.2.1
3.5.2.2
3.5.3 Stale mix
3.6 Cracks
3.6.1
3.7 Repair of rammed earth walls
3.7.1 Cosmetic repair of cracks in cement stabilised rammed earth
3.7.2 Weather proofing cracks in cement stabilised rammed earth
3.8 Surface finish
3.8.1
4 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR ADOBE BRICKS
4.1 General
4.2 Conditions of brick manufacture
4.3 Cored units
4.4 Straw or other natural fibres
4.5 Laying rate
4.6 Bonding pattern
4.7 Mortar joints
4.7.1 Soaking
4.7.2 Thickness variation
4.7.3 Shrinkage
4.7.3.1
4.7.3.2
4.7.3.3
4.7.3.4
4.8 Flexural tensile bond
4.8.1 Quality validation before construction
4.8.2 Quality validation during construction
4.8.3 Bond strength validation
4.9 Control joints
4.10 Finishing
4.11 Repair of adobe walls
4.11.1 Repair of holes and damaged mortar joints in adobe walls
4.11.2 Repair of cracks in adobe walls
5 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR PRESSED BRICKS
5
5.0
5.1 General
5.2 Conditions of brick manufacture
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3 Cored units
5.4 Grout spaces
5.5 Laying
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.6 Mortar joints
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.7 Flexural tensile bond
5.7.1 Quality validation before construction
5.7.2 Quality validation during construction
5.7.3 Bond strength validation
5.8 Repair of pressed brick walls
5.8.1 Repair of holes and damaged mortar joints in pressed brick walls
5.8.2 Repair of cracks in pressed brick walls
6 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR COB
6.1 General
6.2 Cob mixing
6.3 Cob placing and bonding
6.4 Construction joints and cold joints
6.5 Services and reinforcing
6.6 Shrinkage
6.7 Control joints
6.8 Finishing
6.9 Repair of cob walls
6.9.1 Repair of holes in cob walls
6.9.2 Repair of cracks in cob walls
7 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR POURED EARTH AND IN-SITU ADOBE
7.1 Material and mixes
7.1.1 Soil
7.1.2
7.1.3 Moisture content
7.1.4 Fresh mix containing cement
7.1.5 Stale mix containing cement
7.2 Method of construction
7.2.1 Moulds
7.2.2 Previous work
7.2.3 Height in a day
7.3 Curing and drying
7.3.1 Drying
7.3.2 Work containing cement
7.3.3 Work containing lime
7.4 Surface coatings
7.5 Formwork
7.6 Panel sizes
7.6.1
7.6.2 For poured earth
7.6.3 For in-situ adobe
7.7 Bonding
7.8 Reinforcing for all poured earth or in-situ adobe
7.8.1 Horizontal reinforcing.
7.8.2 Steel bar horizontal reinforcing
7.8.3 Geogrid reinforcing
7.9 Shrinkage
7.10 Control joints
7.10.1
7.10.2
7.11 Testing
7.11.1 Samples
7.11.2 Frequency and requirements
8 SURFACE COATINGS
8.1 General
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2 Purposes of surface coatings
8.2.1 Uses
8.2.2 Durability improvement
8.2.3 Improvement of erodibility index of an earthen substrate by surface coatings
8.2.4 Limits on erodibility index improvement
8.3 Surface preparation
8.4 Coating materials
8.4.1 Properties required of a coating
8.4.2 Unsuitable materials
8.4.3 Curing and drying of surface coatings
8.5 Coating types
8.5.1 Coating requirements and overlays for inferior surfaces
8.5.2 Lower-density materials
8.5.3 Exterior coatings
8.5.4 Permeability and permeance
8.5.5 Dust reducing coatings
8.6 Bagging
8.7 Earth plasters
8.8 Whitewash or limewash
8.9 Gypsum plasters
8.10 Lime plasters
8.10.1 General
8.10.1.1 Work quality
8.10.2 Lime plaster materials
8.10.2.1 Composition
8.10.2.2 Base coat(s)
8.10.2.3 Interior or exterior finishing coats or topcoats.
8.10.2.4 General guidelines for mixes
8.10.2.5 Contact with timber
8.10.2.6 Curing lime plaster
8.10.3 Lime-cement plaster
8.10.4 Plaster reinforcement
8.10.5 Mesh to joints between earth with other materials
8.10.6 Polypropylene mesh
8.10.7 Fibreglass mesh
8.10.8 Galvanised steel mesh
8.10.9 Mesh embedment in plaster
8.10.10 Mesh covering entire walls
8.10.10.1 Application
8.10.10.2 Mesh laps
8.10.10.3 Mesh attachment
8.10.11 Spacers
8.10.12 Control joints
8.10.13 Openings and penetrations
8.10.13.1
8.10.13.2
8.10.13.3
8.10.13.4
Small service penetrations (up to and including 150 mm diameter or equivalent area) such as waste pipes, shall be installed so that they are supported by the solid earth wall, slope downhill to the outside and are sealed against moisture penetration.
8.10.14 Application and curing of exterior lime-based plaster over earthen substrate
8.10.14.1
8.10.14.2
8.10.14.3
8.10.14.4
8.10.14.5
8.10.15 Plaster thickness
8.11 Impervious coatings for splashbacks or splash zones.
8.12 Plaster finishes and maintenance
8.13 Repair of lime plaster
8.13.1 Repair of holes and chips in lime plaster
8.13.2 Repair of cracks in lime plaster
8.14 Coatings for earthen floors
8.14.1 Sealing of earthen floors
Appendix A ASSESSMENT OF CLAY CONTENT
A1 Field assessment
A2 Laboratory assessment
A3 Suitability for earth buildings
Appendix B BALL TEST OF CLAY CONTENT FOR MORTAR
B1 Sample preparation
B2 Acceptance criteria
Appendix C There is no Appendix C
Appendix D ASSESSMENT OF DESIGN STRENGTH VALUE FROM TEST RESULTS
D1 Assessment of test results
D1.1 General
D1.2 Notation
D2 Test specimens
D2.1 Obtaining samples for testing prior to construction
D2.1.1
D2.1.2
D2.2 Construction of test specimens prior to production
D2.2.1
D2.2.2
D2.2.3
D2.3 Obtaining samples for testing during construction
D3 Test results
D3.1 Average
D3.2 Standard deviation
D3.3 Abnormal test results
D4 Evaluation of characteristic strength
D4.1 Method for five results
D4.2 Characteristic value for sample size 10 or greater, and coefficient of variation is not well known
D4.3 Characteristic value where coefficient of variation is known
D5 Reporting of results
Appendix E COMPRESSION TESTS OF EARTH WALL MATERIAL
E1 Sample preparation
E1.1
E1.2
E1.3
E1.4
E2 Testing
E2.1 Age at test
E2.2
E2.3
E2.4 Aspect ratio factor
E2.5
E2.6 Test reports
Appendix F EARTH BRICK DROP TEST
F1 Brick drop test
F2 Pass criteria
Appendix G FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
G1 Stacked bricks method
G1.1 Equipment
G1.2 Procedure
G1.2.1
G1.2.2
G1.2.3
G1.3 Results
G2 Lever method
G2.1 Equipment
G2.1.1
G2.1.2
G2.2 Procedure
G2.2.1
G2.2.2
G2.2.3
G2.3 Results
Appendix H SHRINKAGE TEST
H1 Shrinkage test equipment
H1.1
H1.2
H1.3
H2 Procedure
H2.1
H2.2
H2.3
H2.4
H3 Calculation of results
Appendix I RAMMED EARTH MIX MOISTURE CONTENT DROP TEST
I1 Moisture content drop test method
I2 Acceptance criteria
Appendix J WET/DRY APPRAISAL TEST
J1 Elimination of unacceptable soils
J2 Equipment
J3 Procedure
J3.1
J3.2
J3.3
J3.4
J3.5
J3.6
J4 Acceptance criteria
Appendix K EROSION TEST (PRESSURE SPRAY METHOD)
K1 Pressure spray test
K2 Procedure
K2.1
K2.2
K3 Results
K3.1 Determining erodibility index
K3.2 Erodibility improvement by stabilisation
K4 Penetration of moisture
K5 Cyclic wet/dry appraisal test
K6 Surface coatings
Appendix L DRIP EROSION TEST
L1 Drip erosion test
L1.1
L1.2
L1.3
L1.4
L1.5
L1.6
L2 Sample bricks
L3 MEASUREMENT OF PIT DEPTH
L4 Cyclic wet/dry appraisal test
L5 Surface coatings
L6 Moisture penetration
L6.1
L6.2
L6.3
L7 Results
Appendix M DENSITY TEST
M1 Measuring dimensions and mass
M1.1 General
M1.2 Sample preparation
M1.3 Measurement
M1.4 Density calculation
Appendix N FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH BY BOND WRENCH TEST
N1 General
N2 Number of specimens per sample
N2.1 Laying procedure
N2.2 Age at test
N2.3 Transportation
N3 Apparatus
N4 Set-up measurements and calibration
N5 Test procedure
N6 Calculation of flexural bond strength
Appendix O DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF EARTH BRICK PIERS
O1
O2
O3
Appendix P PRESSED BRICK LAYERING TEST
P1 Sampling
P2 Examination
P3 Acceptance criteria
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References
Structural design actions - Part 0: General principles
On-site domestic wastewater management
Conduits and fittings for electrical installations - General requirements
Zinc and zinc/aluminium-alloy coatings on steel wire
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
Hot-dip galvanized (zinc) coatings on fabricated ferrous articles
Concrete structures standard
Concrete construction
Specification for concrete construction for minor works
Timber Structures Standard
Timber-framed buildings
Masonry construction: Materials and workmanship
Solid plastering - Cement plasters for walls, ceilings and soffits
Engineering design of earth buildings
Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes - Soil compaction tests - Determination of the dry density/water content relationship - Test 4.1.1 New Zealand standard compaction test
Specification for polyethylene pipe (Type 3) for cold water services
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1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope and objective
1.1.1 Scope
1.1.2 Objective
1.1.3 Standard grade and special grade earth
1.1.4 Earth wall density
1.1.5 Earth mortar exclusions
1.2 Interpretation
1.2.1 Shall and should
1.2.2 Commentary clauses
1.2.3 Reference documents
1.2.4 Nominal dimensions
1.2.5 Normative appendices
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Abbreviations
1.5 Construction monitoring
1.5.1 Adequate monitoring
1.5.2 Extent of monitoring
1.6 Construction
1.6.1 Components
1.6.2 Inspection
1.7 Application
1.7.1 Rammed earth
1.7.2 Adobe
1.7.3 Pressed earth brick
1.7.4 Cob
1.7.5 Poured earth and in-situ adobe
1.7.6 Grouting cavities
1.7.7 Surface coatings
1.7.8 Earth floors
2 MATERIALS and CONSTRUCTION
2.1 General
2.2 Soil
2.2.0
2.2.1 Scope
2.2.2 Outside of scope
2.2.3 Other materials and proprietary products
2.3 Materials other than soil
2.3.1 Reinforcement
2.3.2 Aggregate
2.3.3 Water
2.3.4 Admixtures and stabilisers
2.3.5 Moisture content
2.3.6 Storage and handling of materials
2.3.7 Joints
2.3.8 Curing and drying
2.3.8.1
2.3.8.2
2.3.8.3
2.3.8.4
2.3.9 Services, fittings, chases, sleeves, conduits, pipes
2.3.9.1
2.3.9.2
2.3.9.3 Services locations
2.3.9.4 Chasing
2.3.10 Cement grout
2.3.11 Mixing of earth
2.3.11.1
2.3.11.2
2.4 Mortar
2.4.1 Measurement of materials
2.4.1.1
2.4.1.2
2.4.2 Composition and mixing
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4 Sand/lime putty/cement mortars
2.4.2.5 Earth-based mortars
2.4.3 Properties
2.4.3.1
2.4.3.2
2.4.3.3
2.4.3.4
2.4.3.5
2.4.3.6
2.4.4 Construction
2.4.4.1
2.4.4.2
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
2.5 Materials testing for standard grade earth construction
2.5.1 Tests before commencing construction
2.5.1.1
2.5.1.2
2.5.1.3
2.5.2 Quality control tests during construction
2.5.2.1
2.5.2.2
2.5.2.3
2.5.2.4
2.5.2.5
2.6 Materials testing for special grade earth wall construction
2.6.1 Tests before commencing construction
2.6.1.1
2.6.1.2
2.6.2 Target strength for quality control of special grade earth materials
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
2.6.3 Quality control tests during construction
2.6.4 Non-compliance
2.7 Initial preparation
2.7.1 General
2.7.1.1
2.7.1.2
2.7.1.3
2.7.2 Concrete base
2.7.3 Starter bars
2.7.3.1
2.7.3.2
2.8 Reinforcement details
2.8.1 General
2.8.1.1
2.8.1.2
2.8.1.3
2.8.1.4
2.8.2 Vertical reinforcement
2.8.2.1
2.8.2.2
2.8.2.3
2.8.2.4
2.8.2.5
2.8.2.6
2.8.3 Horizontal reinforcement
2.8.3.1
2.8.3.2
2.8.3.3
2.8.3.4
2.8.3.5
2.8.4 Splices in steel reinforcement
2.8.4.1
Splices in reinforcement embedded in earth shall be mechanical connections that comply with 2.8.4.3 or be 50 mm lap welds carried out in accordance with NZS 3101 clause 8.5.
2.8.4.2
2.8.4.3
2.8.5 Connecting geogrid reinforcing
2.8.5.1
2.8.5.2
2.8.6 Tolerances
2.8.6.1
2.8.6.2 Reinforcement placing tolerances
2.8.7 Cover and corrosion protection
2.8.7.1
2.8.7.2
2.8.7.3
2.8.7.4
2.9 Quality control
2.10 Bracing during construction
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11 Cold weather construction
2.12 Hot weather construction
2.13 Protection during construction
2.14 Control joints
2.14.1
2.15 Surface finish
2.16 Bond beams
2.17 Timber diaphragms and timber bond beams
3 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR RAMMED EARTH
3
3.0
3.1 Moisture content
3.1.0
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2 Compaction
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3 Tolerances
3.4 Control joints
3.5 Construction joints
3.5.1 Cold joints
3.5.2 Fresh mix
3.5.2.1
3.5.2.2
3.5.3 Stale mix
3.6 Cracks
3.6.1
3.7 Repair of rammed earth walls
3.7.1 Cosmetic repair of cracks in cement stabilised rammed earth
3.7.2 Weather proofing cracks in cement stabilised rammed earth
3.8 Surface finish
3.8.1
4 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR ADOBE BRICKS
4.1 General
4.2 Conditions of brick manufacture
4.3 Cored units
4.4 Straw or other natural fibres
4.5 Laying rate
4.6 Bonding pattern
4.7 Mortar joints
4.7.1 Soaking
4.7.2 Thickness variation
4.7.3 Shrinkage
4.7.3.1
4.7.3.2
4.7.3.3
4.7.3.4
4.8 Flexural tensile bond
4.8.1 Quality validation before construction
4.8.2 Quality validation during construction
4.8.3 Bond strength validation
4.9 Control joints
4.10 Finishing
4.11 Repair of adobe walls
4.11.1 Repair of holes and damaged mortar joints in adobe walls
4.11.2 Repair of cracks in adobe walls
5 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR PRESSED BRICKS
5
5.0
5.1 General
5.2 Conditions of brick manufacture
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3 Cored units
5.4 Grout spaces
5.5 Laying
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.6 Mortar joints
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.7 Flexural tensile bond
5.7.1 Quality validation before construction
5.7.2 Quality validation during construction
5.7.3 Bond strength validation
5.8 Repair of pressed brick walls
5.8.1 Repair of holes and damaged mortar joints in pressed brick walls
5.8.2 Repair of cracks in pressed brick walls
6 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR COB
6.1 General
6.2 Cob mixing
6.3 Cob placing and bonding
6.4 Construction joints and cold joints
6.5 Services and reinforcing
6.6 Shrinkage
6.7 Control joints
6.8 Finishing
6.9 Repair of cob walls
6.9.1 Repair of holes in cob walls
6.9.2 Repair of cracks in cob walls
7 REQUIREMENTS ADDITIONAL TO SECTION 2 FOR POURED EARTH AND IN-SITU ADOBE
7.1 Material and mixes
7.1.1 Soil
7.1.2
7.1.3 Moisture content
7.1.4 Fresh mix containing cement
7.1.5 Stale mix containing cement
7.2 Method of construction
7.2.1 Moulds
7.2.2 Previous work
7.2.3 Height in a day
7.3 Curing and drying
7.3.1 Drying
7.3.2 Work containing cement
7.3.3 Work containing lime
7.4 Surface coatings
7.5 Formwork
7.6 Panel sizes
7.6.1
7.6.2 For poured earth
7.6.3 For in-situ adobe
7.7 Bonding
7.8 Reinforcing for all poured earth or in-situ adobe
7.8.1 Horizontal reinforcing.
7.8.2 Steel bar horizontal reinforcing
7.8.3 Geogrid reinforcing
7.9 Shrinkage
7.10 Control joints
7.10.1
7.10.2
7.11 Testing
7.11.1 Samples
7.11.2 Frequency and requirements
8 SURFACE COATINGS
8.1 General
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.2 Purposes of surface coatings
8.2.1 Uses
8.2.2 Durability improvement
8.2.3 Improvement of erodibility index of an earthen substrate by surface coatings
8.2.4 Limits on erodibility index improvement
8.3 Surface preparation
8.4 Coating materials
8.4.1 Properties required of a coating
8.4.2 Unsuitable materials
8.4.3 Curing and drying of surface coatings
8.5 Coating types
8.5.1 Coating requirements and overlays for inferior surfaces
8.5.2 Lower-density materials
8.5.3 Exterior coatings
8.5.4 Permeability and permeance
8.5.5 Dust reducing coatings
8.6 Bagging
8.7 Earth plasters
8.8 Whitewash or limewash
8.9 Gypsum plasters
8.10 Lime plasters
8.10.1 General
8.10.1.1 Work quality
8.10.2 Lime plaster materials
8.10.2.1 Composition
8.10.2.2 Base coat(s)
8.10.2.3 Interior or exterior finishing coats or topcoats.
8.10.2.4 General guidelines for mixes
8.10.2.5 Contact with timber
8.10.2.6 Curing lime plaster
8.10.3 Lime-cement plaster
8.10.4 Plaster reinforcement
8.10.5 Mesh to joints between earth with other materials
8.10.6 Polypropylene mesh
8.10.7 Fibreglass mesh
8.10.8 Galvanised steel mesh
8.10.9 Mesh embedment in plaster
8.10.10 Mesh covering entire walls
8.10.10.1 Application
8.10.10.2 Mesh laps
8.10.10.3 Mesh attachment
8.10.11 Spacers
8.10.12 Control joints
8.10.13 Openings and penetrations
8.10.13.1
8.10.13.2
8.10.13.3
8.10.13.4
Small service penetrations (up to and including 150 mm diameter or equivalent area) such as waste pipes, shall be installed so that they are supported by the solid earth wall, slope downhill to the outside and are sealed against moisture penetration.
8.10.14 Application and curing of exterior lime-based plaster over earthen substrate
8.10.14.1
8.10.14.2
8.10.14.3
8.10.14.4
8.10.14.5
8.10.15 Plaster thickness
8.11 Impervious coatings for splashbacks or splash zones.
8.12 Plaster finishes and maintenance
8.13 Repair of lime plaster
8.13.1 Repair of holes and chips in lime plaster
8.13.2 Repair of cracks in lime plaster
8.14 Coatings for earthen floors
8.14.1 Sealing of earthen floors
Appendix A ASSESSMENT OF CLAY CONTENT
A1 Field assessment
A2 Laboratory assessment
A3 Suitability for earth buildings
Appendix B BALL TEST OF CLAY CONTENT FOR MORTAR
B1 Sample preparation
B2 Acceptance criteria
Appendix C There is no Appendix C
Appendix D ASSESSMENT OF DESIGN STRENGTH VALUE FROM TEST RESULTS
D1 Assessment of test results
D1.1 General
D1.2 Notation
D2 Test specimens
D2.1 Obtaining samples for testing prior to construction
D2.1.1
D2.1.2
D2.2 Construction of test specimens prior to production
D2.2.1
D2.2.2
D2.2.3
D2.3 Obtaining samples for testing during construction
D3 Test results
D3.1 Average
D3.2 Standard deviation
D3.3 Abnormal test results
D4 Evaluation of characteristic strength
D4.1 Method for five results
D4.2 Characteristic value for sample size 10 or greater, and coefficient of variation is not well known
D4.3 Characteristic value where coefficient of variation is known
D5 Reporting of results
Appendix E COMPRESSION TESTS OF EARTH WALL MATERIAL
E1 Sample preparation
E1.1
E1.2
E1.3
E1.4
E2 Testing
E2.1 Age at test
E2.2
E2.3
E2.4 Aspect ratio factor
E2.5
E2.6 Test reports
Appendix F EARTH BRICK DROP TEST
F1 Brick drop test
F2 Pass criteria
Appendix G FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
G1 Stacked bricks method
G1.1 Equipment
G1.2 Procedure
G1.2.1
G1.2.2
G1.2.3
G1.3 Results
G2 Lever method
G2.1 Equipment
G2.1.1
G2.1.2
G2.2 Procedure
G2.2.1
G2.2.2
G2.2.3
G2.3 Results
Appendix H SHRINKAGE TEST
H1 Shrinkage test equipment
H1.1
H1.2
H1.3
H2 Procedure
H2.1
H2.2
H2.3
H2.4
H3 Calculation of results
Appendix I RAMMED EARTH MIX MOISTURE CONTENT DROP TEST
I1 Moisture content drop test method
I2 Acceptance criteria
Appendix J WET/DRY APPRAISAL TEST
J1 Elimination of unacceptable soils
J2 Equipment
J3 Procedure
J3.1
J3.2
J3.3
J3.4
J3.5
J3.6
J4 Acceptance criteria
Appendix K EROSION TEST (PRESSURE SPRAY METHOD)
K1 Pressure spray test
K2 Procedure
K2.1
K2.2
K3 Results
K3.1 Determining erodibility index
K3.2 Erodibility improvement by stabilisation
K4 Penetration of moisture
K5 Cyclic wet/dry appraisal test
K6 Surface coatings
Appendix L DRIP EROSION TEST
L1 Drip erosion test
L1.1
L1.2
L1.3
L1.4
L1.5
L1.6
L2 Sample bricks
L3 MEASUREMENT OF PIT DEPTH
L4 Cyclic wet/dry appraisal test
L5 Surface coatings
L6 Moisture penetration
L6.1
L6.2
L6.3
L7 Results
Appendix M DENSITY TEST
M1 Measuring dimensions and mass
M1.1 General
M1.2 Sample preparation
M1.3 Measurement
M1.4 Density calculation
Appendix N FLEXURAL TENSILE STRENGTH BY BOND WRENCH TEST
N1 General
N2 Number of specimens per sample
N2.1 Laying procedure
N2.2 Age at test
N2.3 Transportation
N3 Apparatus
N4 Set-up measurements and calibration
N5 Test procedure
N6 Calculation of flexural bond strength
Appendix O DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF EARTH BRICK PIERS
O1
O2
O3
Appendix P PRESSED BRICK LAYERING TEST
P1 Sampling
P2 Examination
P3 Acceptance criteria
Previous versions
NZS 4298:2024
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