AS/NZS CISPR 16.1.6:2015
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1.6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
Provides procedures and supporting information for the calibration of antennas for determining antenna factors (AF) that are applicable to antennas intended for use in radiated disturbance measurements. It has the status of a basic EMC Standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic compatibility. The AF of an antenna is influenced by nearby surroundings and by its position in space relative to the radiating source. This standard focuses on antenna calibrations that provide the AF in a free-space environment in the direction of the boresight of the antenna. The frequency range addressed is 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The relevant antenna types covered in this standard are monopole, loop, dipole, biconical, log-periodic dipole-array (LPDA), hybrid and horn antennas. Guidance is also provided on measurement uncertainties associated with each calibration method and configuration, and the test instrumentation used. Identical to and reproduced from CISPR 16-1-6, Ed. 1.0 (2014).
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AS/NZS CISPR 16.1.6:2015 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1 Antenna terms
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms
3.1.3 Measurement site terms
3.1.4 Other terms
3.2 Abbreviations
4 Fundamental concepts
4.1 General
4.2 The concept of antenna factor
4.3 Calibration methods for 30€MHz and above
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9€kHz to 30€MHz
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method
5.2.3 Three antenna method (TAM)
5.2.4 Current probe method (CPM)
5.2.5 Standard antenna method
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30€MHz
6.1 Calibration frequencies
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations
6.2.1 Equipment types
6.2.2 Mismatch
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for frequencies above 30€MHz
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground plane
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and SAM
7.4.1 TAM
7.4.2 SSM
7.4.3 SAM
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30€MHz and above
8.1 General
8.2 Considerations for Fa calibrations using TAM
8.2.1 General considerations
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground-plane site
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method
8.3 Considerations for Fa calibrations using the SAM
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for Fa by the SAM
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30€MHz to 1€GHz
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM
8.4.3 Calculation of Fa
8.4.4 Uncertainties of Fa obtained using SSM
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30€MHz and above
9.1 General
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment for 30€MHz to 300€MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60€MHz to 1€000€MHz
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM
9.2.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined by the SAM
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative)
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30€MHz to 300€MHz) and hybrid antennas, using the SAM and VP at a ground-plane site
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up
9.3.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined with the SAM
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,200€MHz to 18€GHz
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space environment
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1€GHz to 18€GHz
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of antenna calibration
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a ground-plane site
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas
A.3.2 Advantages of broadb and calculable dipole antennas
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas
A.4 Rationale for Fa and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency
A.4.1 Rationale for Fa
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas
A.4.3 Biconical element designs
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of Fa by the SSM
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA antennas
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
A.8.2 Connector pin depth
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement
A.8.4 Compression level
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6€GHz
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR
A.9 Uncertainty considerations
A.9.1 General
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for Fa
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM
B.1 General
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas
B.3 Frequencies
B.4 Measurement of Fa(h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and derivation of Fa by averaging Fa(h,p), 30€MHz to 300€MHz
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the SAM and derivation of Fa
B.4.3 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the TAM and derivation of Fa
B.5 Measurement of Fa of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in the frequency range 30€MHz to 1€000€MHz
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Measurement of Fa by the SAM
B.5.3 Measurement of Fa by the TAM
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz
C.1 General
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space environment
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large ground plane
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground-plane site
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground-plane site
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔFa,SSM for Fa of biconical antenna
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern
C.7.1 General
C.7.2 Biconical antennas
C.7.3 LPDA antennas
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1€GHz to 18€GHz
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets
E.1 General
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected between a transmit port and a receive port
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and uncertainty analysis of the ECSM
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method from 5€MHz to 30€MHz
G.1.1 Calibration procedure
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ /8
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM)
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which Fac = VD − VL
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to 150 kHz
H.1 Measurement procedure
H.2 Uncertainties
Annex I (normative) Antenna pattern measurement method in the frequency range above 1 GHz, with measurement uncertainty budget
I.1 General
I.2 Test set-up
I.3 Test method
I.4 Test report
I.5 Uncertainty budget
Annex J (informative) Monte Carlo simulation of TAM loop antenna calibration measurement uncertainty – Example source code
Bibliography
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References
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods - Part 1.5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Antenna calibration sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz
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AS/NZS CISPR 16.1.6:2015 Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - EMC antenna calibration
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1 Antenna terms
3.1.2 Antenna factor terms
3.1.3 Measurement site terms
3.1.4 Other terms
3.2 Abbreviations
4 Fundamental concepts
4.1 General
4.2 The concept of antenna factor
4.3 Calibration methods for 30€MHz and above
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Antenna minimum separation distances
4.3.3 General considerations for the TAM
4.3.4 General considerations for the SSM
4.3.5 General considerations for the SAM
4.4 Measurement uncertainties for antenna calibration measurement results
4.5 Summary of methods of measurement to obtain AF
5 Calibration methods for the frequency range 9€kHz to 30€MHz
5.1 Calibration of monopole antennas
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Calibration by the ECSM
5.2 Calibration of loop antennas
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 TEM (Crawford) cell method
5.2.3 Three antenna method (TAM)
5.2.4 Current probe method (CPM)
5.2.5 Standard antenna method
6 Frequencies, equipment and functional checks for calibrations at or above 30€MHz
6.1 Calibration frequencies
6.1.1 Calibration frequency ranges and increments
6.1.2 Transition frequency for hybrid antennas
6.2 Measurement instrumentation requirements for antenna calibrations
6.2.1 Equipment types
6.2.2 Mismatch
6.2.3 Dynamic range and reproducibility of SIL measurement
6.2.4 Signal-to-noise ratio
6.2.5 Antenna masts and cables
6.3 Functional checks of an AUC
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Balance of an antenna
6.3.3 Cross-polar performance of an antenna
6.3.4 Radiation patterns of an antenna
7 Basic parameters and equations common to antenna calibration methods for frequencies above 30€MHz
7.1 Summary of methods for measurements to obtain AF
7.2 Site insertion loss measurements
7.2.1 General
7.2.2 SIL and SA measurement procedure
7.2.3 Common uncertainty components of a SIL measurement
7.3 Basic equations for the calculation of AF from SIL and SA measurements
7.3.1 Antenna factor from SIL measurements
7.3.2 Relationship of AF and SIL for a free-space calibration site
7.3.3 Relationship of AF and SIL for a calibration site with a metal ground plane
7.4 Equations for AF and measurement uncertainties using the TAM, SSM, and SAM
7.4.1 TAM
7.4.2 SSM
7.4.3 SAM
7.5 Parameters for specifying antenna phase centre and position
7.5.1 General
7.5.2 Reference position and phase centres of LPDA and hybrid antennas
7.5.3 Phase centres of horn antennas
8 Details for TAM, SAM, and SSM calibration methods for frequencies of 30€MHz and above
8.1 General
8.2 Considerations for Fa calibrations using TAM
8.2.1 General considerations
8.2.2 Calibration site and antenna set-up considerations for use with the TAM
8.2.3 Antenna parameters for a free-space environment or a ground-plane site
8.2.4 Validation of calibration method
8.3 Considerations for Fa calibrations using the SAM
8.3.1 General considerations and calibration site for use of the SAM
8.3.2 Calibration procedures and antenna set-ups for Fa by the SAM
8.3.3 Parameters of the STA
8.4 SSM calibrations at a ground-plane site, 30€MHz to 1€GHz
8.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for SSM
8.4.2 Calibration procedure for SSM
8.4.3 Calculation of Fa
8.4.4 Uncertainties of Fa obtained using SSM
9 Calibration procedures for specific antenna types for frequencies of 30€MHz and above
9.1 General
9.2 Calibrations for biconical and hybrid antennas in a free-space environment for 30€MHz to 300€MHz, and tuned dipoles for 60€MHz to 1€000€MHz
9.2.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements
9.2.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up for use with the SAM
9.2.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined by the SAM
9.2.4 Antenna set-up for use with the TAM (alternative)
9.3 Calibration of biconical (30€MHz to 300€MHz) and hybrid antennas, using the SAM and VP at a ground-plane site
9.3.1 General considerations and calibration site requirements
9.3.2 Calibration procedure and antenna set-up
9.3.3 Uncertainties of Fa determined with the SAM
9.4 Calibration of LPDA, hybrid, and horn antennas in a free-space environment,200€MHz to 18€GHz
9.4.1 General considerations and calibration site for a free-space environment
9.4.2 Calibrations using the TAM
9.4.3 Antenna set-up for use with the SAM
9.4.4 Alternative antenna set-up for site with absorber on the ground
9.5 Calibration of horn and LPDA antennas in a FAR, 1€GHz to 18€GHz
9.5.1 Calibration using the TAM
9.5.2 Calibration and antenna set-up for the SAM
Annexes
Annex A (informative) Background information and rationale for the methods of antenna calibration
A.1 Rationale for the need for several calibration methods and for use of a ground-plane site
A.2 Special measures for calibration of omnidirectional antennas
A.2.1 General
A.2.2 Difficulties with calibration of omnidirectional antennas
A.2.3 Minimizing reflections from antenna supports and radiation from cables
A.2.4 Field taper and monocone set-up for VP biconical calibration
A.2.5 Use of HP or VP in a FAR
A.2.6 Substitution where the STA is the same model as the AUC
A.3 Calibrations using broadband calculable dipole antennas
A.3.1 Disadvantages of tuned dipole antennas
A.3.2 Advantages of broadb and calculable dipole antennas
A.3.3 Disadvantages of calculable dipole antennas
A.4 Rationale for Fa and biconical/LPDA antenna cross-over frequency
A.4.1 Rationale for Fa
A.4.2 Cross-over frequency from biconical to LPDA antennas
A.4.3 Biconical element designs
A.5 Sources of increased uncertainty in measurement of Fa by the SSM
A.6 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances
A.6.1 Calibration of LPDA antennas using smaller separation distances
A.6.2 Correction of electric field strength to account for phase centre of LPDA antennas
A.7 Cross-polar discrimination of LPDA antennas
A.8 Tips for measurement instrumentation
A.8.1 Signal-to-noise ratio
A.8.2 Connector pin depth
A.8.3 Effect of added adaptor in a “cable-through” measurement
A.8.4 Compression level
A.8.5 Source power slope function above 6€GHz
A.8.6 Frequency increment for detection of resonances
A.8.7 Return loss or VSWR
A.9 Uncertainty considerations
A.9.1 General
A.9.2 Achievable uncertainties for Fa
A.9.3 Uncertainties of dipoles above a ground plane
A.9.4 Verification of uncertainty by comparison of methods
Annex B (normative) Calibration of biconical antennas and tuned dipole antennas above a ground plane using the TAM and the SAM
B.1 General
B.2 Characteristics of biconical antennas and dipole antennas
B.3 Frequencies
B.4 Measurement of Fa(h,p) of biconical and tuned dipole antennas and derivation of Fa by averaging Fa(h,p), 30€MHz to 300€MHz
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the SAM and derivation of Fa
B.4.3 Measurement of Fa(h,H) by the TAM and derivation of Fa
B.5 Measurement of Fa of tuned dipoles placed high above a ground plane in the frequency range 30€MHz to 1€000€MHz
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Measurement of Fa by the SAM
B.5.3 Measurement of Fa by the TAM
Annex C (informative) Rationale for the equations used in antenna calibration and relevant information about antenna characteristics for uncertainty analysis in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz
C.1 General
C.2 Antenna factor and antenna gain
C.2.1 Relationship between AF and gain for antennas in a free-space environment
C.2.2 Relationship between AF and gain for monopole antennas on a large ground plane
C.3 Equations for the insertion loss between antennas
C.3.1 Site insertion loss measured at a free-space calibration site
C.3.2 Site insertion loss measured at a metal ground-plane site
C.3.3 Site attenuation measured at a metal ground-plane site
C.4 Uncertainty contribution caused by near-field effects
C.5 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna proximity coupling
C.6 Uncertainty contribution due to the ground plane reflection
C.6.1 Coupling to image in ground plane
C.6.2 Correction factors ΔFa,SSM for Fa of biconical antenna
C.7 Uncertainty contribution due to the antenna radiation pattern
C.7.1 General
C.7.2 Biconical antennas
C.7.3 LPDA antennas
C.7.4 Hybrid antennas
C.7.5 Horn and LPDA antennas from 1€GHz to 18€GHz
Annex D (informative) Background information and rationale for calibration of antennas at frequencies above 1 GHz
D.1 Mismatch uncertainty
D.2 Mutual coupling between antennas and chamber reflection
D.3 Antenna separation distance and phase centre
D.4 Example gain of DRH at 1 m distance
Annex E (informative) Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets
E.1 General
E.2 Notes for measurement uncertainty budgets
Annex F (informative) Mismatch uncertainties from a two-port device connected between a transmit port and a receive port
Annex G (informative) Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas and uncertainty analysis of the ECSM
G.1 Verification method for calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method from 5€MHz to 30€MHz
G.1.1 Calibration procedure
G.1.2 Uncertainty evaluation for the calibration of monopole antennas by the plane wave method
G.2 Uncertainty analysis of the ECSM
G.2.1 Effect of rod length longer than λ /8
G.2.2 Effect on AF of monopole antenna mounted on a tripod
G.2.3 Monopole antenna receiving an electric field
G.2.4 Equivalent capacitance substitution method (ECSM)
G.2.5 Uncertainties associated with the ECSM
G.2.6 An alternative to the dummy antenna, for which Fac = VD − VL
Annex H (informative) Helmholtz coil method for calibration of loop antennas up to 150 kHz
H.1 Measurement procedure
H.2 Uncertainties
Annex I (normative) Antenna pattern measurement method in the frequency range above 1 GHz, with measurement uncertainty budget
I.1 General
I.2 Test set-up
I.3 Test method
I.4 Test report
I.5 Uncertainty budget
Annex J (informative) Monte Carlo simulation of TAM loop antenna calibration measurement uncertainty – Example source code
Bibliography
AS/NZS CISPR 16.1.6:2015
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.