AS/NZS 2885.5:2012
Pipelines - Gas and liquid petroleum - Part 5: Field pressure testing
Sets out methods for the determination of the strength and the leak tightness of a pipeline test section.
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AS/NZS 2885.5:2012 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
PREFACE
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 APPROVAL
1.3 APPLICATION
1.4 EXCLUSIONS
1.5 DEFINITIONS
1.5.1 Allowable fluid variation (AFV)
1.5.2 Competent person
1.5.3 End-point
1.5.4 End-point, half-slope
1.5.5 End-point, nominated pressure
1.5.6 End-point, offset volume
1.5.7 Exclusion zone
1.5.8 Hold period (hold time)
1.5.9 Hydrostatic test
1.5.10 Industrial gauge
1.5.11 Leak
1.5.12 Leak test
1.5.13 Leak tightness
1.5.14 Pipeline design engineer
1.5.15 Pneumatic test
1.5.16 Preliminary test
1.5.17 Pressure
1.5.18 Pressure-added volume (P-V) plot
1.5.19 Pressure change, allowable fluid variation
1.5.20 Pressure, mill test
1.5.21 Pressure strength (of a test section)
1.5.22 Pressurization
1.5.23 Pretest
1.5.24 Residual air (air content)
1.5.25 Strength test
1.5.26 Supervising test engineer
1.5.27 Temperature probe
1.5.28 Test gauge
1.5.29 Test plan
1.5.30 Test section
1.5.31 Transducer
1.5.32 Unaccountable fluid variation (UFV)
1.5.33 Yield strength (minimum actual)
1.6 TESTING PERSONNEL
1.7 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
1.8 ABBREVIATIONS
1.9 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.10 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS
SECTION 2 SAFETY
2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
2.2 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
2.3 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
2.4 COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT
2.5 EXCLUSION ZONE
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Entry into exclusion zone
2.5.3 Visual leak inspection safety
2.5.4 Leak repair safety
2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
2.7 WORKING WITH COMPRESSED AIR OR GAS
2.8 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS AIR OR GAS
2.9 FILLING AND DEWATERING
2.10 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS PETROLEUM LIQUID
2.11 PIPE SUBJECTED TO FREEZE SECTIONING
2.11.1 General
2.11.2 Freeze plugging procedure
2.11.3 Safety
SECTION 3 PRESSURE TEST DESIGN
3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
3.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
3.2.1 Pipeline design engineer
3.2.2 Supervising test engineer
3.3 STRENGTH TEST PRESSURE TYPES
3.4 LEAK TEST REQUIREMENTS
3.5 PRESSURE TEST SECTION DESIGN
SECTION 4 EQUIPMENT AND TEST LIQUID
4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
4.2 ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND REPEATABILITY OF EQUIPMENT
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Pressure-measuring equipment
4.2.3 Verification of pressure-measuring equipment
4.2.4 Volume-measuring equipment
4.2.5 Verification of volume-measuring equipment
4.2.6 Temperature-measuring equipment
4.2.7 Verification of temperature-measuring equipment
4.3 INSTALLATION AND LOCATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Pressure gauges
4.3.3 Temperature measurement
4.4 TEST FLUID
4.4.1 Type of test fluid
4.4.2 Selection of test liquid
4.5 TEST HEADERS
SECTION 5 PREPARATION FOR TESTS
5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
5.2 TEST PLAN
5.3 TEST SECTION
5.4 PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE
5.5 SITE WORK
SECTION 6 FILLING
6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
6.2 FILLING
SECTION 7 PRESSURE TESTING
7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
7.2 PRELIMINARY TEST
7.3 PRETESTED PIPE
7.4 MECHANICAL INTERFERENCE JOINTS
7.5 PNEUMATIC TEST
7.6 TESTING OF PIPELINES WITH ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PIPE
7.7 PRESSURIZATION
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Residual air
7.7.3 Pressurization end-point
7.7.4 Observed leaks during pressurizing
7.8 STRENGTH TEST
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Strength test hold period
7.8.3 Observed leaks during the strength test hold period
7.8.4 Strength test assessment
7.9 LEAK TEST
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Measurement uncertainty
7.9.3 Thermal stability for a leak test
7.9.4 Leak test requirements
7.9.5 Temperature data measurement
7.9.6 Leak test pressure
7.9.7 Observed leaks during leak test
7.9.8 Leak test assessment
7.9.9 Gas leaks and repair
7.9.10 Combined strength and leak test
7.9.11 Interrupted hold period
SECTION 8 REINSTATEMENT OF THE TEST SECTION
8.1 BASIS OF SECTION
8.2 REINSTATEMENT
SECTION 9 REPORTS AND RECORDS
9.1 BASIS OF SECTION
9.2 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
9.3 RECORDS
APPENDIX A - NORMATIVE REFERENCES
APPENDIX B - BASIS OF THE STANDARD
B1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
B1.1 Introduction
B1.2 History
B2 BASIS OF THE STANDARD
B3 STRENGTH TESTING
B3.1 General
B3.2 End-point criteria 2012 revision
B4 LEAK TEST
B4.1 General
B4.2 Test equipment
B4.3 Large volume test sections
B4.4 Test pressure
B4.5 Leak tightness
B4.6 Temperature
B4.7 Thermal stability assessment
B4.8 Dissolution of air
B5 TECHNIQUES
B5.1 Test plan
B5.2 Test equipment
B5.3 Measurement of pressure in strength tests
B5.4 Measurement for volume/strain-monitored tests
B5.5 Measurement for leak tests
B6 CONDUCT OF THE TEST
B6.1 Pressure-controlled strength test (Type 1)
B6.2 Type 2
B6.3 Strain limited test (Type 3)
B6.4 Strength test
B6.5 Leak test
APPENDIX C - PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS IN PIPELINE TEST SECTIONS
C1 GENERAL
C1.1 Notation
C1.2 Steel properties
C1.3 General relationships
C2 WATER AS A TESTING MEDIUM
C3 HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS AS TESTING MEDIA
C3.1 General
C3.2 Bulk compressibility factor (equivalent to factor A for water)
C3.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion
C4 EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGES
C5 RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED PIPE
APPENDIX D - HYPOTHETICAL TEST SECTION
D1 SCOPE
D2 EXAMPLE 1-TYPICAL TEST USING WATER AS TEST FLUID
D2.1 General
D2.2 Calculation constants
D2.3 Pipeline details
D2.4 Test section data
D2.5 Pipe properties and mill tests
D2.6 Basic test conditions
D2.7 Basic test section calculations
D2.8 Calculated test pressure
D2.9 Test pressures referred to test point elevation
D2.10 Pressure-volume-temperature relationship calculation
D2.11 Restrained test section response to temperature, pressure and volume change
D2.12 Instrument sensitivities and leak test type
D2.13 Other useful items
D3 EXAMPLE 2-PRESSURE-CONTROLLED TEST USING HYDROCARBON TEST FLUID
D3.1 General
D3.2 Calculation constants
D3.3 Pipeline details
D3.4 Test section data
D3.5 Pipe properties and mill tests
D3.6 Basic test conditions and preliminary fluid properties
D3.7 Basic test section calculations
D3.8 Calculated test pressures
D3.9 Test pressures referred to test point elevation
D3.10 PressureŒvolumeŒtemperature relationship calculation (at leak test pressure)
D3.11 Δp Factor
D3.12 Instrument sensitivities and leak test type
D3.13 Other useful information
APPENDIX E - MONITORING BY USING THE PRESSURE-VOLUME METHOD
E1 SCOPE
E2 PROCEDURE
APPENDIX F - BEHAVIOUR OF TEST SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO A PRESSURE TEST
F1 SCOPE
F2 NOTATION
F3 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
F3.1 General
F3.2 Electric resistance welded pipe
F3.3 Strain-aged pipe
F3.4 Cold-expanded pipe
F3.5 Small diameter pipe
F4 THE PRESSURE-ADDED VOLUME CURVE
F4.1 Overview
F4.2 Effect of stress state on yield onset
F4.3 Effect of strain rate on the onset of plasticity
F4.4 Combined effect of stress state and strain rate
APPENDIX G - INVESTIGATION OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
G1 SCOPE
G2 POTENTIAL CAUSES OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
G2.1 General
G2.2 Potential causes of yielding in a test section
APPENDIX H - EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL AIR
H1 SCOPE
H2 NOTATION
H3 ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONTENT
H3.1 General
H3.2 Air in the test section
H3.3 Dissolution of air
H3.4 Pressure release
H3.5 Safety and environmental implications of air in the test section
H3.6 Determination of the air content limit for the test
H4 GRAPHIC METHOD FOR AIR CONTENT MEASUREMENT
H5 NUMERIC METHODS FOR AIR CONTENT MEASUREMENT
H5.1 General
H5.2 Procedure using pressure-volume data
H5.3 Procedure using volume added between two pressures
H5.4 Procedure using volume removed between two pressures
H6 ADDITIONAL EQUATIONS
H7 DERIVATION
APPENDIX I - UNCERTAINTY IN LEAK TESTS
I1 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT IN LEAK TESTS
I1.1 General
I1.2 Pressure uncertainty
I1.3 Temperature uncertainty
I1.4 Quantifying temperature uncertainty
I1.5 Leak test uncertainty
APPENDIX J - ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE
J1 INTRODUCTION
J2 PRESSURE CHANGES
J3 TEMPERATURE CHANGES
J4 DERIVATION OF FIGURES J1, J2, J3, J4 AND J5
J4.1 General
J4.2 Determination of the diameter of the equivalent hole
J4.3 Liquid petroleum pipelines
J4.4 Gas pipelines
J5 EXAMPLE
APPENDIX K - TYPICAL TEST CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX L - SELECTION AND DESIGN OF TEST SECTIONS
L1 INTRODUCTION
L2 PERMISSIBLE ELEVATION DIFFERENCES
L2.1 Minimum strength test pressure
L2.2 Permissible elevation range
L2.3 Maximum strength test pressure
L3 TEST TYPE
L4 LENGTH OF TEST SECTION
APPENDIX M - ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN TEST SECTIONS
M1 INTRODUCTION
M2 MAGNITUDE OF THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES
M3 RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX N - SAFETY IN PRESSURE TESTING
N1 INTRODUCTION
N2 METHODS OF ENERGY RELEASE
N3 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
N4 STORED ENERGY CALCULATION
N5 GUIDELINES FOR SIZING EXCLUSION ZONES
N6 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX O - TEST HEADER DESIGN
O1 GENERAL
O1.1 Requirements
O1.2 Exclusions
O1.3 Nameplate
O1.4 Pressure tests
O2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
O3 DESIGN
O3.1 General
O3.2 Design conditions
O3.3 Design loads
O3.4 Wall thickness
O3.5 Allowable stress limits for listed materials
O3.6 Allowable stresses for unlisted materials
O3.7 Branch connections
O3.8 Supports
O3.9 Lifting lugs
O4 MANUFACTURE
O5 PRESSURE TESTING
O5.1 Testing headers prior to use
O5.2 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
O6 RE-USE OF EXISTING HEADERS
APPENDIX P - TEST SECTION ANALYSIS USING ENGINEERING SOFTWARE (OR FEA METHODS)
P1 GENERAL
P2 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
P3 USE OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
P4 STRAIN TO FAILURE
P5 DATA REQUIREMENTS
P6 METHOD OF GENERATING A STRESS-STRAIN CURVE BASED ON RING EXPANSION (RE) AND FLATTENED BAR TRANSVERSE (FBT) TENSILE...
P7 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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AS/NZS 2885.5:2012 PIPELINES-GAS AND LIQUID PETROLEUM - FIELD PRESSURE TESTING
PREFACE
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 APPROVAL
1.3 APPLICATION
1.4 EXCLUSIONS
1.5 DEFINITIONS
1.5.1 Allowable fluid variation (AFV)
1.5.2 Competent person
1.5.3 End-point
1.5.4 End-point, half-slope
1.5.5 End-point, nominated pressure
1.5.6 End-point, offset volume
1.5.7 Exclusion zone
1.5.8 Hold period (hold time)
1.5.9 Hydrostatic test
1.5.10 Industrial gauge
1.5.11 Leak
1.5.12 Leak test
1.5.13 Leak tightness
1.5.14 Pipeline design engineer
1.5.15 Pneumatic test
1.5.16 Preliminary test
1.5.17 Pressure
1.5.18 Pressure-added volume (P-V) plot
1.5.19 Pressure change, allowable fluid variation
1.5.20 Pressure, mill test
1.5.21 Pressure strength (of a test section)
1.5.22 Pressurization
1.5.23 Pretest
1.5.24 Residual air (air content)
1.5.25 Strength test
1.5.26 Supervising test engineer
1.5.27 Temperature probe
1.5.28 Test gauge
1.5.29 Test plan
1.5.30 Test section
1.5.31 Transducer
1.5.32 Unaccountable fluid variation (UFV)
1.5.33 Yield strength (minimum actual)
1.6 TESTING PERSONNEL
1.7 SYMBOLS AND UNITS
1.8 ABBREVIATIONS
1.9 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.10 ROUNDING OF NUMBERS
SECTION 2 SAFETY
2.1 BASIS OF SECTION
2.2 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
2.3 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
2.4 COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT
2.5 EXCLUSION ZONE
2.5.1 General
2.5.2 Entry into exclusion zone
2.5.3 Visual leak inspection safety
2.5.4 Leak repair safety
2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
2.7 WORKING WITH COMPRESSED AIR OR GAS
2.8 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS AIR OR GAS
2.9 FILLING AND DEWATERING
2.10 PROCEDURES AND PRECAUTIONS WHERE TEST FLUID IS PETROLEUM LIQUID
2.11 PIPE SUBJECTED TO FREEZE SECTIONING
2.11.1 General
2.11.2 Freeze plugging procedure
2.11.3 Safety
SECTION 3 PRESSURE TEST DESIGN
3.1 BASIS OF SECTION
3.2 DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
3.2.1 Pipeline design engineer
3.2.2 Supervising test engineer
3.3 STRENGTH TEST PRESSURE TYPES
3.4 LEAK TEST REQUIREMENTS
3.5 PRESSURE TEST SECTION DESIGN
SECTION 4 EQUIPMENT AND TEST LIQUID
4.1 BASIS OF SECTION
4.2 ACCURACY, SENSITIVITY, AND REPEATABILITY OF EQUIPMENT
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Pressure-measuring equipment
4.2.3 Verification of pressure-measuring equipment
4.2.4 Volume-measuring equipment
4.2.5 Verification of volume-measuring equipment
4.2.6 Temperature-measuring equipment
4.2.7 Verification of temperature-measuring equipment
4.3 INSTALLATION AND LOCATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Pressure gauges
4.3.3 Temperature measurement
4.4 TEST FLUID
4.4.1 Type of test fluid
4.4.2 Selection of test liquid
4.5 TEST HEADERS
SECTION 5 PREPARATION FOR TESTS
5.1 BASIS OF SECTION
5.2 TEST PLAN
5.3 TEST SECTION
5.4 PRESSURE TEST PROCEDURE
5.5 SITE WORK
SECTION 6 FILLING
6.1 BASIS OF SECTION
6.2 FILLING
SECTION 7 PRESSURE TESTING
7.1 BASIS OF SECTION
7.2 PRELIMINARY TEST
7.3 PRETESTED PIPE
7.4 MECHANICAL INTERFERENCE JOINTS
7.5 PNEUMATIC TEST
7.6 TESTING OF PIPELINES WITH ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND PIPE
7.7 PRESSURIZATION
7.7.1 General
7.7.2 Residual air
7.7.3 Pressurization end-point
7.7.4 Observed leaks during pressurizing
7.8 STRENGTH TEST
7.8.1 General
7.8.2 Strength test hold period
7.8.3 Observed leaks during the strength test hold period
7.8.4 Strength test assessment
7.9 LEAK TEST
7.9.1 General
7.9.2 Measurement uncertainty
7.9.3 Thermal stability for a leak test
7.9.4 Leak test requirements
7.9.5 Temperature data measurement
7.9.6 Leak test pressure
7.9.7 Observed leaks during leak test
7.9.8 Leak test assessment
7.9.9 Gas leaks and repair
7.9.10 Combined strength and leak test
7.9.11 Interrupted hold period
SECTION 8 REINSTATEMENT OF THE TEST SECTION
8.1 BASIS OF SECTION
8.2 REINSTATEMENT
SECTION 9 REPORTS AND RECORDS
9.1 BASIS OF SECTION
9.2 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
9.3 RECORDS
APPENDIX A - NORMATIVE REFERENCES
APPENDIX B - BASIS OF THE STANDARD
B1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
B1.1 Introduction
B1.2 History
B2 BASIS OF THE STANDARD
B3 STRENGTH TESTING
B3.1 General
B3.2 End-point criteria 2012 revision
B4 LEAK TEST
B4.1 General
B4.2 Test equipment
B4.3 Large volume test sections
B4.4 Test pressure
B4.5 Leak tightness
B4.6 Temperature
B4.7 Thermal stability assessment
B4.8 Dissolution of air
B5 TECHNIQUES
B5.1 Test plan
B5.2 Test equipment
B5.3 Measurement of pressure in strength tests
B5.4 Measurement for volume/strain-monitored tests
B5.5 Measurement for leak tests
B6 CONDUCT OF THE TEST
B6.1 Pressure-controlled strength test (Type 1)
B6.2 Type 2
B6.3 Strain limited test (Type 3)
B6.4 Strength test
B6.5 Leak test
APPENDIX C - PRESSURE-VOLUME-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS IN PIPELINE TEST SECTIONS
C1 GENERAL
C1.1 Notation
C1.2 Steel properties
C1.3 General relationships
C2 WATER AS A TESTING MEDIUM
C3 HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS AS TESTING MEDIA
C3.1 General
C3.2 Bulk compressibility factor (equivalent to factor A for water)
C3.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion
C4 EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGES
C5 RESTRAINED AND UNRESTRAINED PIPE
APPENDIX D - HYPOTHETICAL TEST SECTION
D1 SCOPE
D2 EXAMPLE 1-TYPICAL TEST USING WATER AS TEST FLUID
D2.1 General
D2.2 Calculation constants
D2.3 Pipeline details
D2.4 Test section data
D2.5 Pipe properties and mill tests
D2.6 Basic test conditions
D2.7 Basic test section calculations
D2.8 Calculated test pressure
D2.9 Test pressures referred to test point elevation
D2.10 Pressure-volume-temperature relationship calculation
D2.11 Restrained test section response to temperature, pressure and volume change
D2.12 Instrument sensitivities and leak test type
D2.13 Other useful items
D3 EXAMPLE 2-PRESSURE-CONTROLLED TEST USING HYDROCARBON TEST FLUID
D3.1 General
D3.2 Calculation constants
D3.3 Pipeline details
D3.4 Test section data
D3.5 Pipe properties and mill tests
D3.6 Basic test conditions and preliminary fluid properties
D3.7 Basic test section calculations
D3.8 Calculated test pressures
D3.9 Test pressures referred to test point elevation
D3.10 PressureŒvolumeŒtemperature relationship calculation (at leak test pressure)
D3.11 Δp Factor
D3.12 Instrument sensitivities and leak test type
D3.13 Other useful information
APPENDIX E - MONITORING BY USING THE PRESSURE-VOLUME METHOD
E1 SCOPE
E2 PROCEDURE
APPENDIX F - BEHAVIOUR OF TEST SECTIONS SUBJECTED TO A PRESSURE TEST
F1 SCOPE
F2 NOTATION
F3 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
F3.1 General
F3.2 Electric resistance welded pipe
F3.3 Strain-aged pipe
F3.4 Cold-expanded pipe
F3.5 Small diameter pipe
F4 THE PRESSURE-ADDED VOLUME CURVE
F4.1 Overview
F4.2 Effect of stress state on yield onset
F4.3 Effect of strain rate on the onset of plasticity
F4.4 Combined effect of stress state and strain rate
APPENDIX G - INVESTIGATION OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
G1 SCOPE
G2 POTENTIAL CAUSES OF A PREMATURE END-POINT
G2.1 General
G2.2 Potential causes of yielding in a test section
APPENDIX H - EVALUATION AND MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL AIR
H1 SCOPE
H2 NOTATION
H3 ASSESSMENT OF AIR CONTENT
H3.1 General
H3.2 Air in the test section
H3.3 Dissolution of air
H3.4 Pressure release
H3.5 Safety and environmental implications of air in the test section
H3.6 Determination of the air content limit for the test
H4 GRAPHIC METHOD FOR AIR CONTENT MEASUREMENT
H5 NUMERIC METHODS FOR AIR CONTENT MEASUREMENT
H5.1 General
H5.2 Procedure using pressure-volume data
H5.3 Procedure using volume added between two pressures
H5.4 Procedure using volume removed between two pressures
H6 ADDITIONAL EQUATIONS
H7 DERIVATION
APPENDIX I - UNCERTAINTY IN LEAK TESTS
I1 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT IN LEAK TESTS
I1.1 General
I1.2 Pressure uncertainty
I1.3 Temperature uncertainty
I1.4 Quantifying temperature uncertainty
I1.5 Leak test uncertainty
APPENDIX J - ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE
J1 INTRODUCTION
J2 PRESSURE CHANGES
J3 TEMPERATURE CHANGES
J4 DERIVATION OF FIGURES J1, J2, J3, J4 AND J5
J4.1 General
J4.2 Determination of the diameter of the equivalent hole
J4.3 Liquid petroleum pipelines
J4.4 Gas pipelines
J5 EXAMPLE
APPENDIX K - TYPICAL TEST CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX L - SELECTION AND DESIGN OF TEST SECTIONS
L1 INTRODUCTION
L2 PERMISSIBLE ELEVATION DIFFERENCES
L2.1 Minimum strength test pressure
L2.2 Permissible elevation range
L2.3 Maximum strength test pressure
L3 TEST TYPE
L4 LENGTH OF TEST SECTION
APPENDIX M - ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN TEST SECTIONS
M1 INTRODUCTION
M2 MAGNITUDE OF THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES
M3 RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX N - SAFETY IN PRESSURE TESTING
N1 INTRODUCTION
N2 METHODS OF ENERGY RELEASE
N3 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
N4 STORED ENERGY CALCULATION
N5 GUIDELINES FOR SIZING EXCLUSION ZONES
N6 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX O - TEST HEADER DESIGN
O1 GENERAL
O1.1 Requirements
O1.2 Exclusions
O1.3 Nameplate
O1.4 Pressure tests
O2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
O3 DESIGN
O3.1 General
O3.2 Design conditions
O3.3 Design loads
O3.4 Wall thickness
O3.5 Allowable stress limits for listed materials
O3.6 Allowable stresses for unlisted materials
O3.7 Branch connections
O3.8 Supports
O3.9 Lifting lugs
O4 MANUFACTURE
O5 PRESSURE TESTING
O5.1 Testing headers prior to use
O5.2 Maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP)
O6 RE-USE OF EXISTING HEADERS
APPENDIX P - TEST SECTION ANALYSIS USING ENGINEERING SOFTWARE (OR FEA METHODS)
P1 GENERAL
P2 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
P3 USE OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
P4 STRAIN TO FAILURE
P5 DATA REQUIREMENTS
P6 METHOD OF GENERATING A STRESS-STRAIN CURVE BASED ON RING EXPANSION (RE) AND FLATTENED BAR TRANSVERSE (FBT) TENSILE...
P7 ENGINEERING SOFTWARE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Previous versions
AS/NZS 2885.5:2012
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