AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 60214.2:2024
Tap-changers Part 2: Application guidelines
Standard identically adopts IEC/IEEE 60214-2:2019, which assists in the selection of tap-changers designed in accordance with AS/NZS 60214.1 or IEEE Std C57.131 for use in conjunction with the tapped windings of transformers or reactors.
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AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 60214.2:2024 Tap-changers Application guidelines
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
2.1 IEC references
2.2 IEEE references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Abbreviations
4 Use of normative references
5 Application of tap-changers for transformers and reactors
5.1 General
5.2 Typical circuits for regulation
5.3 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with on-load tap-changers
5.4 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with step-voltage regulator on-load tap-changers
5.5 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with de-energized tap-changers
5.5.1 Bridging contact scheme for DETC
5.5.2 Linear contact scheme for DETC
5.5.3 WYE (star) contact scheme for DETC
5.5.4 Most common basic arrangements for different combinations
6 Types of tap-changers
6.1 On-load tap-changers (OLTCs)
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Principles of operation
6.1.3 Physical layouts
6.2 De-energized tap-changers (DETCs)
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Types of DETC
6.2.3 Location of DETC in the transformer tank or enclosure
6.3 Tap-changer environment
6.3.1 Liquid immersed tap-changers
6.3.2 Dry-type tap-changers (OLTC and DETC)
6.3.3 Gas-immersed tap-changers (SF6-insulated tap-changers)
6.4 Other types
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Electronic tap-changers
6.4.3 Step-voltage regulators
6.4.4 Advance retard switch (ARS)
6.4.5 OLTCs for distribution transformers
7 On-load tap-changers
7.1 General
7.2 Selection of OLTCs
7.2.1 Basic parameters
7.2.2 Additional data
7.3 Application of OLTCs
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 OLTCs for application in special transformers with non-sinusoidal currents (HVDC, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
7.3.3 OLTCs for PSTs
7.3.4 OLTCs for arc furnace transformers
7.3.5 OLTCs for shunt reactors
7.3.6 OLTCs for series reactors
7.3.7 OLTCs for unit auxiliary transformers
7.3.8 OLTCs for railway supply transformers
7.3.9 Transformers and phases out-of-step condition
7.4 Other important parameters for OLTCs
7.4.1 Current wave shapes other than sinusoidal
7.4.2 Operating pressure
7.4.3 Operational life of breaking and making contacts
7.4.4 Tap-changer mechanical life
7.4.5 Motor-drive mechanism
7.4.6 Pressure and vacuum test
7.4.7 Temperature conditions
7.4.8 Overloading conditions
7.4.9 Continuous consecutive operations
7.4.10 Preventive autotransformer circuit (reactor type tap-changer only)
8 De-energized tap-changers
8.1 General
8.2 Selection of DETCs
8.2.1 Currents
8.2.2 Rated step voltage
8.2.3 Insulation level
8.2.4 Number of tap positions
8.3 Application of DETCs
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequencies
8.3.3 Application involving non-sinusoidal currents (HVDCs, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
8.3.4 DETCs for arc furnace transformers and other high load cycle applications
8.3.5 DETCs for peaking pulsing loads
8.4 Other important parameters for DETCs
8.4.1 Tap-changer mechanical life
8.4.2 Motor-drive
8.4.3 Paralleling de-energized tap-changers/current splitting
9 Protective devices for OLTCs
9.1 General
9.2 Increase of pressure within diverter or selector switch liquid compartments
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Liquid flow controlled relay
9.2.3 Overpressure relay
9.2.4 Sudden pressure relay
9.2.5 Pressure relief device
9.3 Increase of pressure within a diverter or selector switch in SF6
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Pressure gauge (compound gauge)
9.3.3 Sudden pressure relay
9.4 Switching under excessive overload
9.5 Extreme medium temperatures
9.6 Increase of pressure within separate tap selector liquid compartments
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Double element gas and liquid operated relay (Buchholz)
9.6.3 Overpressure relay
9.6.4 Pressure relief device
9.7 Tap-change supervisory circuit and phase unbalance protection
9.8 Vacuum interrupter monitoring system
10 Fittings and accessories for OLTCs
10.1 General
10.2 Valves, air release vents and liquid-sampling devices
10.3 Liquid-level gauges
10.4 Low liquid-level alarms
10.5 Dehydrating breathers
10.6 Oil filtering equipment
10.7 Devices to aid maintenance
10.8 Nameplate and other plates
11 Storage and installation of the tap-changer
11.1 Storage of OLTC and DETC when not in operation
11.1.1 General
11.1.2 Storage prior to installation
11.1.3 Storage after installation
11.2 Leads assembly to/at the tap-changer
11.3 Tap-changer mounting to the transformer tank
11.4 Processing and filling
11.5 Operation of OLTC for ratio measurement
12 Field service (operation, maintenance and monitoring)
12.1 Commissioning
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Transformer ratio measurement
12.1.3 Tap-changer concerns during winding resistance measurement
12.1.4 Check of the synchronization of the drive system
12.1.5 General functional checks
12.2 Operation
12.2.1 Parallel operation
12.2.2 Contact erosion and liquid contamination
12.2.3 Overheating of contacts when operating in fixed tap position
12.2.4 Discharges during the operation of change-over selectors
12.3 Maintenance
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Maintenance intervals
12.3.3 Performance of maintenance
12.3.4 Maintenance work
12.3.5 Contact resistance measurement
12.3.6 Motor-drives and shafts
12.3.7 Accessories
12.4 Monitoring
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Periodic monitoring
12.4.3 Continuous monitoring
12.4.4 Commercial monitoring systems
13 Safety
13.1 Gases
13.2 Operation of an on-load tap-changer
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Overpressure protection
13.2.3 Pressure relief devices
13.3 Operation of de-energized tap-changers
13.3.1 General
13.3.2 Manual drive operation
13.3.3 Motor-drive operation
13.4 Immersing medium
14 Information to be provided by the transformer manufacturer
14.1 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for an OLTC
14.2 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for a DETC
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Only for rack or slide-type design of DETC
14.2.3 Small DETCs
14.3 Documentation
Bibliography
Figure 1 — Tap-changers in a star-connected winding
Figure 2 — Tap-changers in series transformers
Figure 3 — Tap-changers in delta-connected windings
Figure 4 — Tap-changers in autotransformers
Figure 5 — Basic arrangements of the regulating winding
Figure 6 — Common connection arrangements
Figure 7 — Operating sequence of a diverter switch (d to i) and tap selector (a to c) (non-vacuum type diverter switch with operating cycle number 1)
Figure 8 — Operating sequence of a selector switch (a to e) (non-vacuum type selector switch with operating cycle number 1)
Figure 9 — Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Table A.1, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Table A.1)
Figure 10 — Diagram of connections of vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Table A.3)
Figure 11 — Operating sequence (a) to g)) of a diverter switch and tap selector (non-vacuum type)
Figure 12 — Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, reactor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
Figure 13 — Diagram of connections of reactor type on-load tap-changer with vacuum interrupter and tap selector (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
Figure 14 — Common layouts for compartment type tap-changers
Figure 15 — Common layouts for in-tank-type tap-changers
Figure 17 — Externally mounted diverter compartment with an in-tank tap selector and a barrier board
Figure 18 — ARS application and mode of operation in a PST
Figure 19 — Selector at both fine tap and coarse winding
Figure 20 — Tap-changer oil conservator arrangement
Figure 21 — Current splitting in DETCs
Figure 22 — Types of in-tank OLTC installations within the transformer
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AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 60214.2:2024 Tap-changers Application guidelines
Preface
Foreword
Introduction
1 Scope
2 Normative references
2.1 IEC references
2.2 IEEE references
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Abbreviations
4 Use of normative references
5 Application of tap-changers for transformers and reactors
5.1 General
5.2 Typical circuits for regulation
5.3 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with on-load tap-changers
5.4 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with step-voltage regulator on-load tap-changers
5.5 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with de-energized tap-changers
5.5.1 Bridging contact scheme for DETC
5.5.2 Linear contact scheme for DETC
5.5.3 WYE (star) contact scheme for DETC
5.5.4 Most common basic arrangements for different combinations
6 Types of tap-changers
6.1 On-load tap-changers (OLTCs)
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Principles of operation
6.1.3 Physical layouts
6.2 De-energized tap-changers (DETCs)
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Types of DETC
6.2.3 Location of DETC in the transformer tank or enclosure
6.3 Tap-changer environment
6.3.1 Liquid immersed tap-changers
6.3.2 Dry-type tap-changers (OLTC and DETC)
6.3.3 Gas-immersed tap-changers (SF6-insulated tap-changers)
6.4 Other types
6.4.1 General
6.4.2 Electronic tap-changers
6.4.3 Step-voltage regulators
6.4.4 Advance retard switch (ARS)
6.4.5 OLTCs for distribution transformers
7 On-load tap-changers
7.1 General
7.2 Selection of OLTCs
7.2.1 Basic parameters
7.2.2 Additional data
7.3 Application of OLTCs
7.3.1 General
7.3.2 OLTCs for application in special transformers with non-sinusoidal currents (HVDC, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
7.3.3 OLTCs for PSTs
7.3.4 OLTCs for arc furnace transformers
7.3.5 OLTCs for shunt reactors
7.3.6 OLTCs for series reactors
7.3.7 OLTCs for unit auxiliary transformers
7.3.8 OLTCs for railway supply transformers
7.3.9 Transformers and phases out-of-step condition
7.4 Other important parameters for OLTCs
7.4.1 Current wave shapes other than sinusoidal
7.4.2 Operating pressure
7.4.3 Operational life of breaking and making contacts
7.4.4 Tap-changer mechanical life
7.4.5 Motor-drive mechanism
7.4.6 Pressure and vacuum test
7.4.7 Temperature conditions
7.4.8 Overloading conditions
7.4.9 Continuous consecutive operations
7.4.10 Preventive autotransformer circuit (reactor type tap-changer only)
8 De-energized tap-changers
8.1 General
8.2 Selection of DETCs
8.2.1 Currents
8.2.2 Rated step voltage
8.2.3 Insulation level
8.2.4 Number of tap positions
8.3 Application of DETCs
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequencies
8.3.3 Application involving non-sinusoidal currents (HVDCs, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.)
8.3.4 DETCs for arc furnace transformers and other high load cycle applications
8.3.5 DETCs for peaking pulsing loads
8.4 Other important parameters for DETCs
8.4.1 Tap-changer mechanical life
8.4.2 Motor-drive
8.4.3 Paralleling de-energized tap-changers/current splitting
9 Protective devices for OLTCs
9.1 General
9.2 Increase of pressure within diverter or selector switch liquid compartments
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Liquid flow controlled relay
9.2.3 Overpressure relay
9.2.4 Sudden pressure relay
9.2.5 Pressure relief device
9.3 Increase of pressure within a diverter or selector switch in SF6
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Pressure gauge (compound gauge)
9.3.3 Sudden pressure relay
9.4 Switching under excessive overload
9.5 Extreme medium temperatures
9.6 Increase of pressure within separate tap selector liquid compartments
9.6.1 General
9.6.2 Double element gas and liquid operated relay (Buchholz)
9.6.3 Overpressure relay
9.6.4 Pressure relief device
9.7 Tap-change supervisory circuit and phase unbalance protection
9.8 Vacuum interrupter monitoring system
10 Fittings and accessories for OLTCs
10.1 General
10.2 Valves, air release vents and liquid-sampling devices
10.3 Liquid-level gauges
10.4 Low liquid-level alarms
10.5 Dehydrating breathers
10.6 Oil filtering equipment
10.7 Devices to aid maintenance
10.8 Nameplate and other plates
11 Storage and installation of the tap-changer
11.1 Storage of OLTC and DETC when not in operation
11.1.1 General
11.1.2 Storage prior to installation
11.1.3 Storage after installation
11.2 Leads assembly to/at the tap-changer
11.3 Tap-changer mounting to the transformer tank
11.4 Processing and filling
11.5 Operation of OLTC for ratio measurement
12 Field service (operation, maintenance and monitoring)
12.1 Commissioning
12.1.1 General
12.1.2 Transformer ratio measurement
12.1.3 Tap-changer concerns during winding resistance measurement
12.1.4 Check of the synchronization of the drive system
12.1.5 General functional checks
12.2 Operation
12.2.1 Parallel operation
12.2.2 Contact erosion and liquid contamination
12.2.3 Overheating of contacts when operating in fixed tap position
12.2.4 Discharges during the operation of change-over selectors
12.3 Maintenance
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Maintenance intervals
12.3.3 Performance of maintenance
12.3.4 Maintenance work
12.3.5 Contact resistance measurement
12.3.6 Motor-drives and shafts
12.3.7 Accessories
12.4 Monitoring
12.4.1 General
12.4.2 Periodic monitoring
12.4.3 Continuous monitoring
12.4.4 Commercial monitoring systems
13 Safety
13.1 Gases
13.2 Operation of an on-load tap-changer
13.2.1 General
13.2.2 Overpressure protection
13.2.3 Pressure relief devices
13.3 Operation of de-energized tap-changers
13.3.1 General
13.3.2 Manual drive operation
13.3.3 Motor-drive operation
13.4 Immersing medium
14 Information to be provided by the transformer manufacturer
14.1 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for an OLTC
14.2 Information required at the enquiry or order stage for a DETC
14.2.1 General
14.2.2 Only for rack or slide-type design of DETC
14.2.3 Small DETCs
14.3 Documentation
Bibliography
Figure 1 — Tap-changers in a star-connected winding
Figure 2 — Tap-changers in series transformers
Figure 3 — Tap-changers in delta-connected windings
Figure 4 — Tap-changers in autotransformers
Figure 5 — Basic arrangements of the regulating winding
Figure 6 — Common connection arrangements
Figure 7 — Operating sequence of a diverter switch (d to i) and tap selector (a to c) (non-vacuum type diverter switch with operating cycle number 1)
Figure 8 — Operating sequence of a selector switch (a to e) (non-vacuum type selector switch with operating cycle number 1)
Figure 9 — Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Table A.1, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Table A.1)
Figure 10 — Diagram of connections of vacuum, resistor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Table A.3)
Figure 11 — Operating sequence (a) to g)) of a diverter switch and tap selector (non-vacuum type)
Figure 12 — Diagram of connections of non-vacuum, reactor type on-load tap-changers (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
Figure 13 — Diagram of connections of reactor type on-load tap-changer with vacuum interrupter and tap selector (IEC 60214‑1:2014, Annex B, or IEEE Std C57.131-2012, Annex B)
Figure 14 — Common layouts for compartment type tap-changers
Figure 15 — Common layouts for in-tank-type tap-changers
Figure 17 — Externally mounted diverter compartment with an in-tank tap selector and a barrier board
Figure 18 — ARS application and mode of operation in a PST
Figure 19 — Selector at both fine tap and coarse winding
Figure 20 — Tap-changer oil conservator arrangement
Figure 21 — Current splitting in DETCs
Figure 22 — Types of in-tank OLTC installations within the transformer
AS/NZS IEC/IEEE 60214.2:2024
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.