AS/NZS IEC 60825.14:2022
Safety of laser products, Part 14: A user's guide
Standard identically adopts IEC TR 60825‐14:2022, which helps laser users and their employers to understand the general principles of safety management, to identify the hazards that can be present, to assess the risks of harm that can arise, and to set up and maintain appropriate control measures. Although the guidance given in this document is aimed principally at organizations, it can be applied by anyone using lasers.
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AS/NZS IEC 60825.14:2022 Safety of laser products A user's guide
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
4 Administrative policies
4.1 Safety responsibilities
4.2 Competent Person
4.3 Laser Safety Officer
4.4 Information and training
4.5 Levels of competence
4.5.1 Laser Protection Adviser
4.5.2 Laser Safety Officer
4.5.3 Laser Safety Supervisor
4.5.4 Laser user
4.5.5 Awareness for other persons
4.6 Training requirements
4.7 Accreditation
5 Laser radiation hazards
5.1 Laser products
5.1.1 Laser product classification
5.1.2 Product classes
5.1.3 Embedded lasers
5.1.4 Optical fibres
5.1.5 Laser demonstrations and displays
5.1.6 Consumer laser products
5.2 Exposure to laser radiation
5.2.1 Maximum permissible exposure
5.2.2 Transient visual effects
5.3 Determining the level of laser exposure
5.3.1 The effective exposure
5.3.2 Limiting apertures
5.3.3 Angle of acceptance for the assessment of exposure from extended sources
5.3.4 Use of binoculars
6 Determining the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)
6.1 General remarks
6.2 Repetitively pulsed or modulated lasers
6.3 Multiple wavelengths
6.4 Extended source MPEs
6.5 Hazard distance and hazard area
6.5.1 Nominal ocular hazard distance
6.5.2 Nominal ocular hazard area
7 Associated hazards
7.1 Additional health hazards
7.2 Hazards arising from the laser
7.2.1 Electricity
7.2.2 Collateral radiation
7.2.3 Other laser radiation
7.2.4 Hazardous substances
7.2.5 Fume
7.2.6 Noise
7.2.7 Mechanical hazards
7.2.8 Fire, explosion and thermal damage
7.2.9 Heat and cold
7.3 Hazards arising from the environment
7.3.1 Temperature and humidity
7.3.2 Mechanical shock and vibration
7.3.3 Atmospheric effects
7.3.4 Electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference
7.3.5 Power supply interruption or fluctuation
7.3.6 Computer software problems
7.3.7 Ergonomic and human-factor considerations
7.4 Control of associated hazards
8 Evaluating risk
8.1 Hazards and risks
8.2 Risk assessment: Stage 1 – Identifying potentially injurious situations
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 The hazards involved
8.2.3 The laser environment
8.2.4 The people at risk
8.3 Risk assessment: Stage 2 – Assessing risk for potentially injurious situations
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequency
8.3.3 Severity
8.3.4 Resultant risk
8.4 Risk assessment: Stage 3 – Selecting control measures
9 Control measures
9.1 General
9.2 Hazard reduction
9.3 Enclosing the hazard
9.3.1 Beam enclosures
9.3.2 Viewing windows
9.3.3 Interlock protection
9.4 Hazard mitigation
9.4.1 Preventing access
9.4.2 Laser controlled areas
9.4.3 Local rules and procedures
9.4.4 Localized risk reduction
9.4.5 Personal protection
9.4.6 Protective clothing
9.5 Equipment servicing
9.5.1 Increased risks during laser equipment servicing
9.5.2 Temporary laser controlled areas
9.5.3 Controls during servicing
9.5.4 Visiting installation and service engineers
10 Maintenance of safe operation
11 Contingency plans
11.1 General
11.2 Dealing with an actual eye injury
11.3 Dealing with an actual skin injury
11.4 Dealing with a suspected eye injury
12 Incident reporting and accident investigation
13 Medical surveillance
Annex€A (informative)Examples of interlock systems for laser controlled areas
A.1 General
A.2 Common elements
A.2.1 Interlock control system
A.2.2 Door interlock switches
A.2.3 Override switches
A.2.4 Shutter
A.2.5 Illuminated warning sign
A.2.6 Emergency stop switch
A.2.7 Electric locks (door strikes)
A.2.8 Non-locking interlock systems (see Figure A.1)
A.2.9 Locking interlock systems (see Figure A.2)
Annex€B (informative)Examples of calculations
B.1 General
B.2 Symbols used in the examples of Annex€B
B.3 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Overview
B.4 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Single small source
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Example for a helium-cadmium laser
B.4.3 Example for a pulsed ruby laser
B.4.4 Example for a single pulse of a gallium-arsenide laser
B.4.5 Example for a continuous wave helium-neon laser
B.5 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Repetitively pulsed systems
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Example for a pulsed argon laser
B.5.3 Example for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser
B.6 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD)
B.6.1 General
B.6.2 Example NOHD for a Gaussian beam with negligible atmospheric attenuation
B.6.3 Example of NOHD with beam expanding optics
B.6.4 Example of NOHD with atmospheric attenuation
B.6.5 Example of NOHD for a helium-neon laser with an expanding beam
B.6.6 Example for an infrared surveying instrument
B.6.7 Example for a Q-switched rangefinder
B.6.8 Example for a CW optical fibre transmitter
B.7 Diffuse reflections that are extended sources
B.7.1 General
B.7.2 Example for a reflection from a perfect diffuser
B.7.3 Example for close viewing of reflection from a perfect diffuser
B.7.4 Example for assessing the minimum safe viewing distance
B.8 Eye protection
B.8.1 General
B.8.2 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.7
B.8.3 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.2
B.9 Example for a complex laser diode array source
B.9.1 General
B.9.2 Single diode
B.9.3 Horizontal two-diode group
B.9.4 Vertical two-diode group
B.9.5 Four-diode group
B.9.6 One row of 10 diodes
B.9.7 20-diode group
B.9.8 Additional remarks
B.9.9 Required optical density
B.9.10 Use of an optical device
Annex€C (informative)Biophysical considerations
C.1 Anatomy of the eye
C.2 The effects of laser radiation on biological tissue
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Hazards to the eye
C.2.3 Skin hazards
C.3 MPEs and irradiance averaging
Bibliography
Figures
Figure 1 – Measurement set-ups to achieve a well-defined angle of acceptance
Figure 2 – Combination of safety signs
Figure 3 – Warning; Laser beam symbol (ISO€7010-W004:2011-05),
Figure 4 – Wear eye protection symbol (ISO 7010-M004:2011-05)
Figure 5 – No thoroughfare symbol (ISO 7010-P004:2011-05)
Figure A.1 – Non-locking interlock system
Figure A.2 – Locking interlock system
Figure B.1 – Nominal ocular hazard distance
Figure€B.2 – Chart for determining the NOHD (with various atmospheric attenuation factors from the NOHD found without considering atmospheric attenuation)
Figure€B.3 – Laser diode array with three groupings
Figure C.1 – Anatomy of the eye
Figure C.2 – Diagram of laser-induced damage in biological systems
Tables
Table 1 – Default protective control measures for laser products
Table 2 – The diameter of the limiting aperture applicable to measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure (t is time of the relevant exposure, either pulse duration or total exposure)
Table€3 – Typical transmission percentages for binoculars
Table€4 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for small sources expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure a,b
Table€5 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for extended sources in the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm (retinal hazard region) expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure
Table 6 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table€4 (C6 = 1) for the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm expressed as power or energy a,b
Table 7 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table€5 (extended sources) for the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm expressed as power or energy a,b
Table 8 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of the skin to laser radiation a,b
Table€9 – Correction factors and breakpoints for use in MPE evaluations
Table 10 – Duration Ti below which pulse groups are summed up
Table 11 – Additivity of effects on eye (O) and skin (S) of radiation of different spectral regions
Table 12 – Laser controlled areas
Table C.1 – Summary of pathological effects from excessive exposure to light
Table€C.2 – Explanation of measurement apertures applied to the MPEs
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AS/NZS IEC 60825.14:2022 Safety of laser products A user's guide
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.2 Symbols
4 Administrative policies
4.1 Safety responsibilities
4.2 Competent Person
4.3 Laser Safety Officer
4.4 Information and training
4.5 Levels of competence
4.5.1 Laser Protection Adviser
4.5.2 Laser Safety Officer
4.5.3 Laser Safety Supervisor
4.5.4 Laser user
4.5.5 Awareness for other persons
4.6 Training requirements
4.7 Accreditation
5 Laser radiation hazards
5.1 Laser products
5.1.1 Laser product classification
5.1.2 Product classes
5.1.3 Embedded lasers
5.1.4 Optical fibres
5.1.5 Laser demonstrations and displays
5.1.6 Consumer laser products
5.2 Exposure to laser radiation
5.2.1 Maximum permissible exposure
5.2.2 Transient visual effects
5.3 Determining the level of laser exposure
5.3.1 The effective exposure
5.3.2 Limiting apertures
5.3.3 Angle of acceptance for the assessment of exposure from extended sources
5.3.4 Use of binoculars
6 Determining the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)
6.1 General remarks
6.2 Repetitively pulsed or modulated lasers
6.3 Multiple wavelengths
6.4 Extended source MPEs
6.5 Hazard distance and hazard area
6.5.1 Nominal ocular hazard distance
6.5.2 Nominal ocular hazard area
7 Associated hazards
7.1 Additional health hazards
7.2 Hazards arising from the laser
7.2.1 Electricity
7.2.2 Collateral radiation
7.2.3 Other laser radiation
7.2.4 Hazardous substances
7.2.5 Fume
7.2.6 Noise
7.2.7 Mechanical hazards
7.2.8 Fire, explosion and thermal damage
7.2.9 Heat and cold
7.3 Hazards arising from the environment
7.3.1 Temperature and humidity
7.3.2 Mechanical shock and vibration
7.3.3 Atmospheric effects
7.3.4 Electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference
7.3.5 Power supply interruption or fluctuation
7.3.6 Computer software problems
7.3.7 Ergonomic and human-factor considerations
7.4 Control of associated hazards
8 Evaluating risk
8.1 Hazards and risks
8.2 Risk assessment: Stage 1 – Identifying potentially injurious situations
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 The hazards involved
8.2.3 The laser environment
8.2.4 The people at risk
8.3 Risk assessment: Stage 2 – Assessing risk for potentially injurious situations
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Frequency
8.3.3 Severity
8.3.4 Resultant risk
8.4 Risk assessment: Stage 3 – Selecting control measures
9 Control measures
9.1 General
9.2 Hazard reduction
9.3 Enclosing the hazard
9.3.1 Beam enclosures
9.3.2 Viewing windows
9.3.3 Interlock protection
9.4 Hazard mitigation
9.4.1 Preventing access
9.4.2 Laser controlled areas
9.4.3 Local rules and procedures
9.4.4 Localized risk reduction
9.4.5 Personal protection
9.4.6 Protective clothing
9.5 Equipment servicing
9.5.1 Increased risks during laser equipment servicing
9.5.2 Temporary laser controlled areas
9.5.3 Controls during servicing
9.5.4 Visiting installation and service engineers
10 Maintenance of safe operation
11 Contingency plans
11.1 General
11.2 Dealing with an actual eye injury
11.3 Dealing with an actual skin injury
11.4 Dealing with a suspected eye injury
12 Incident reporting and accident investigation
13 Medical surveillance
Annex€A (informative)Examples of interlock systems for laser controlled areas
A.1 General
A.2 Common elements
A.2.1 Interlock control system
A.2.2 Door interlock switches
A.2.3 Override switches
A.2.4 Shutter
A.2.5 Illuminated warning sign
A.2.6 Emergency stop switch
A.2.7 Electric locks (door strikes)
A.2.8 Non-locking interlock systems (see Figure A.1)
A.2.9 Locking interlock systems (see Figure A.2)
Annex€B (informative)Examples of calculations
B.1 General
B.2 Symbols used in the examples of Annex€B
B.3 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Overview
B.4 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Single small source
B.4.1 General
B.4.2 Example for a helium-cadmium laser
B.4.3 Example for a pulsed ruby laser
B.4.4 Example for a single pulse of a gallium-arsenide laser
B.4.5 Example for a continuous wave helium-neon laser
B.5 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Repetitively pulsed systems
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Example for a pulsed argon laser
B.5.3 Example for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser
B.6 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD)
B.6.1 General
B.6.2 Example NOHD for a Gaussian beam with negligible atmospheric attenuation
B.6.3 Example of NOHD with beam expanding optics
B.6.4 Example of NOHD with atmospheric attenuation
B.6.5 Example of NOHD for a helium-neon laser with an expanding beam
B.6.6 Example for an infrared surveying instrument
B.6.7 Example for a Q-switched rangefinder
B.6.8 Example for a CW optical fibre transmitter
B.7 Diffuse reflections that are extended sources
B.7.1 General
B.7.2 Example for a reflection from a perfect diffuser
B.7.3 Example for close viewing of reflection from a perfect diffuser
B.7.4 Example for assessing the minimum safe viewing distance
B.8 Eye protection
B.8.1 General
B.8.2 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.7
B.8.3 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.2
B.9 Example for a complex laser diode array source
B.9.1 General
B.9.2 Single diode
B.9.3 Horizontal two-diode group
B.9.4 Vertical two-diode group
B.9.5 Four-diode group
B.9.6 One row of 10 diodes
B.9.7 20-diode group
B.9.8 Additional remarks
B.9.9 Required optical density
B.9.10 Use of an optical device
Annex€C (informative)Biophysical considerations
C.1 Anatomy of the eye
C.2 The effects of laser radiation on biological tissue
C.2.1 General
C.2.2 Hazards to the eye
C.2.3 Skin hazards
C.3 MPEs and irradiance averaging
Bibliography
Figures
Figure 1 – Measurement set-ups to achieve a well-defined angle of acceptance
Figure 2 – Combination of safety signs
Figure 3 – Warning; Laser beam symbol (ISO€7010-W004:2011-05),
Figure 4 – Wear eye protection symbol (ISO 7010-M004:2011-05)
Figure 5 – No thoroughfare symbol (ISO 7010-P004:2011-05)
Figure A.1 – Non-locking interlock system
Figure A.2 – Locking interlock system
Figure B.1 – Nominal ocular hazard distance
Figure€B.2 – Chart for determining the NOHD (with various atmospheric attenuation factors from the NOHD found without considering atmospheric attenuation)
Figure€B.3 – Laser diode array with three groupings
Figure C.1 – Anatomy of the eye
Figure C.2 – Diagram of laser-induced damage in biological systems
Tables
Table 1 – Default protective control measures for laser products
Table 2 – The diameter of the limiting aperture applicable to measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure (t is time of the relevant exposure, either pulse duration or total exposure)
Table€3 – Typical transmission percentages for binoculars
Table€4 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for small sources expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure a,b
Table€5 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for extended sources in the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm (retinal hazard region) expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure
Table 6 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table€4 (C6 = 1) for the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm expressed as power or energy a,b
Table 7 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table€5 (extended sources) for the wavelength range from 400€nm to 1€400€nm expressed as power or energy a,b
Table 8 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of the skin to laser radiation a,b
Table€9 – Correction factors and breakpoints for use in MPE evaluations
Table 10 – Duration Ti below which pulse groups are summed up
Table 11 – Additivity of effects on eye (O) and skin (S) of radiation of different spectral regions
Table 12 – Laser controlled areas
Table C.1 – Summary of pathological effects from excessive exposure to light
Table€C.2 – Explanation of measurement apertures applied to the MPEs
AS/NZS IEC 60825.14:2022
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.