AS/NZS 2832.1:1998
Cathodic protection of metals - Pipes and cables
Specifies requirements for the cathodic protection of buried or submerged metallic pipes and cables. It covers structure design for cathodic protection, coatings, protection criteria, measuring techniques, the design, installation and maintenance of cathodic protection systems, and the control of interference currents. Advice and information on these aspects are contained in appendices.
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AS/NZS 2832.1:1998 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF METALS - PIPES AND CABLES
PREFACE
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 Anaerobic
1.3.2 Anode (in general)
1.3.3 Anode screen
1.3.4 Anode shield
1.3.5 Back e.m.f.
1.3.6 Bond (electrical)
1.3.7 Bond (coating)
1.3.8 Cathode
1.3.9 Cathodic disbonding
1.3.10 Cathodic protection
1.3.11 Converter
1.3.12 Copper/copper sulfate (Cu/CuSO4) reference electrode
1.3.13 Corrosion
1.3.14 Corrosion cell anode
1.3.15 Corrosion current
1.3.16 Coupon
1.3.17 Current density (at anode)
1.3.18 Current density (at cathode)
1.3.19 Current density (at coated cathode)
1.3.20 Earth (noun)
1.3.21 Earth (verb)
1.3.22 Electrode
1.3.23 Electrode potential
1.3.24 Electrolyte
1.3.25 Extra low voltage (ELV)
1.3.26 Ferrous metal structure
1.3.27 Foreign (secondary) structure
1.3.28 Galvanic action
1.3.29 Galvanic anode
1.3.30 Half-cell
1.3.31 Impressed current
1.3.32 Impressed current anode
1.3.33 Instantaneous off-potential
1.3.34 Insulating joint (isolating joint)
1.3.35 Interference
1.3.36 Interrupter
1.3.37 IR drop
1.3.38 Loop resistance
1.3.39 Overprotection
1.3.40 Polarization
1.3.41 Polarization cell
1.3.42 Polarized potential
1.3.43 Primary structure
1.3.44 Protective potential
1.3.45 Protective current
1.3.46 Reference electrode
1.3.47 Resistance potential
1.3.48 Resistance probe
1.3.49 Silver/silver chloride reference electrode
1.3.50 Stray current
1.3.51 Structure
1.3.52 Structure potential
1.3.53 Structure potential shift
1.3.54 Sulfate-reducing bacteria
1.3.55 Telluric current
1.3.56 Test point
1.3.57 Transformer/rectifier (converter)
1.4 COMPETENCE OF PERSONNEL
SECTION 2 CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
2.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
2.1.1 Scope
2.1.2 General
2.2 PROTECTION CRITERIA
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Potential criteria
2.2.3 100 mV polarization decay criterion
2.2.4 Alternative criteria
2.3 OVERPROTECTION
SECTION 3 MEASURING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
3.1 GENERAL
3.2 POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT AND EQUIPMENT
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Positioning of monitoring electrodes
3.2.3 Off-potential measurements
SECTION 4 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
4.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
4.1.1 Scope
4.1.2 General
4.2 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
4.3 COATED AND UNCOATED STRUCTURES
4.4 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND DISTURBANCES
4.5 TEST POINTS
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Spacing
4.5.3 Location
4.5.4 In situ reference electrodes
4.6 INSULATING JOINTS (ISOLATING JOINTS)
4.7 ROAD AND RAIL CROSSINGS
4.8 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
4.9 ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY
SECTION 5 DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
5.1.1 Scope
5.1.2 General
5.2 SAFETY HAZARDS
5.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5.4 DESIGN DATA
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Structure layout
5.4.3 Cathodic protection current requirements
5.4.4 Environment resistivity
5.4.5 Anode characteristics
5.5 MATERIALS
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 d.c. cables
5.5.3 Test cables
5.5.4 Anodes
5.5.5 Reference electrodes
5.5.6 Electrical isolation joints
5.6 TEST POINTS
5.7 REFERENCES
5.8 ELECTRICAL EARTHING
5.9 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
SECTION 6 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO STRAY DIRECT TRACTION CURRENT
6.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
6.1.1 Scope
6.1.2 General
6.2 MINIMIZATION OF STRAY CURRENT EFFECTS
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Minimization of track leakage current at its source
6.2.3 Mitigation of stray current pick-up and discharge from the structure
6.2.4 Mitigation of stray current discharge using traction current drainage
SECTION 7 INSTALLATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
7.1 SCOPE
7.2 APPROVAL TO INSTALL
7.3 INSTALLATION PRACTICE
7.4 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Anodes
7.4.3 Cables
7.4.4 Transformer-rectifier equipment
7.4.5 Prefabricated insulated joints
7.5 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODE SYSTEMS
7.5.1 Buried anodes
7.5.2 Immersed anodes
7.6 INSTALLATION OF IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE SYSTEMS
7.6.1 Cabling
7.6.2 Anodes and groundbed
7.6.3 Transformer-rectifier (converter)
7.7 INSTALLATION OF INSULATED FLANGES, JOINTS AND COUPLINGS
SECTION 8 CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE WITH FOREIGN STRUCTURES
8.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8.1.1 Scope
8.1.2 General
8.2 STATUTORY REGULATIONS
8.3 MINIMIZATION OF INTERFERENCE CURRENT
8.3.1 Design of the system
8.3.2 Methods of minimizing interference currents
8.3.3 Detection of interference levels
8.3.4 Control of interference
SECTION 9 COMMISSIONING OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
9.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
9.1.1 Scope
9.1.2 General
9.2 PRE-ENERGIZATION TESTING
9.3 SYSTEM OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT
9.4 POST-ENERGIZATION TESTS
9.5 RECORDS
9.6 OPERATION MANUALS
SECTION 10 OPERATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
10.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
10.1.1 Scope
10.1.2 General
10.2 SYSTEM OPERATION CHECKS
10.2.1 Impressed current systems
10.2.2 Galvanic anode installations
10.2.3 Current drainage systems
10.3 STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
10.4 CATHODIC PROTECTION POTENTIAL SURVEYS
10.5 SYSTEM RE-APPROVAL
10.6 RECORDS
SECTION 11 DOCUMENTATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
11.1 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
11.2 COMMISSIONING DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX A - GUIDANCE ON THE GENERAL USE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION
A1 SCOPE
A2 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS
A3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CORROSION OF BURIED OR PARTIALLY BURIED METALLIC STRUCTURES
A4 TELLURIC EFFECTS
APPENDIX B - THE MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIALS USING THE INSTANTANEOUS OFF-POTENTIAL METHOD
B1 GENERAL
B2 MEASUREMENT OF POLARIZATION POTENTIAL
B3 MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIAL BY POLARIZED POTENTIAL TECHNIQUES
APPENDIX C - COUPONS AND RESISTANCE PROBES
C1 GENERAL
C2 COUPON
C3 RESISTANCE PROBE
C4 COUPON AND PROBE USE
C5 INSTALLATION
APPENDIX D - CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF REFERENCE ELECTRODES
D1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
D1.1 Scope
D1.2 General
D2 CALIBRATION
D3 MAINTENANCE
APPENDIX E - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX F - COATINGS FOR USE WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
F1 GENERAL
F2 COATING PROPERTIES
F3 COATING CHOICE
F4 COATING LIFE
APPENDIX G - ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ON LONG STRUCTURES—INTERACTION WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
G1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
G1.1 Scope
G1.2 General
G2 HAZARD MECHANISMS
G2.1 General
G2.2 Low frequency induction (LFI) (See Figure G1)
G2.3 Earth potential rise (EPR)
G2.4 Capacitive coupling
G2.5 Lightning
G2.6 Interaction of electrical protection with CP
G3 FARADAY CAGES
G4 OTHER HAZARDS
APPENDIX H - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
H1 SCOPE
H2 DETERMINATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION CURRENT REQUIREMENTS
H2.1 General
H2.2 Prediction of current requirement from design parameters
H2.3 Determination of current requirement by field test on existing structures
H3 ANODE ARRANGEMENTS
H3.1 General
H3.2 Calculation of appropriate anode/structure separation
H3.3 Anode positioning
H3.4 Anode positioning details
H4 ANODE MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
H5 GALVANIC ANODES
H6 CALCULATION OF ANODE OUTPUT CURRENT
H7 POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS
H8 BACKFILLS
H8.1 Electronic conduction backfills
H8.2 Electrolytic conduction backfills
H9 PROVISION FOR STRAY CURRENTS
H10 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX I - EXAMPLE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION FOR PIPELINES
APPENDIX J - GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS RELATING TO CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX K - CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE CURRENTS—LIST OF ELECTROLYSIS COMMITTEES
APPENDIX L - STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
L1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGULARITY OF STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
L2 LOCATION OF TEST POINTS
APPENDIX M - COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE/ELECTROLYTE POTENTIALS OBTAINED WHEN MEASURED WITH VARIOUS REFERENCE ELECTRODES
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AS/NZS 2832.1:1998 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF METALS - PIPES AND CABLES
PREFACE
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 Anaerobic
1.3.2 Anode (in general)
1.3.3 Anode screen
1.3.4 Anode shield
1.3.5 Back e.m.f.
1.3.6 Bond (electrical)
1.3.7 Bond (coating)
1.3.8 Cathode
1.3.9 Cathodic disbonding
1.3.10 Cathodic protection
1.3.11 Converter
1.3.12 Copper/copper sulfate (Cu/CuSO4) reference electrode
1.3.13 Corrosion
1.3.14 Corrosion cell anode
1.3.15 Corrosion current
1.3.16 Coupon
1.3.17 Current density (at anode)
1.3.18 Current density (at cathode)
1.3.19 Current density (at coated cathode)
1.3.20 Earth (noun)
1.3.21 Earth (verb)
1.3.22 Electrode
1.3.23 Electrode potential
1.3.24 Electrolyte
1.3.25 Extra low voltage (ELV)
1.3.26 Ferrous metal structure
1.3.27 Foreign (secondary) structure
1.3.28 Galvanic action
1.3.29 Galvanic anode
1.3.30 Half-cell
1.3.31 Impressed current
1.3.32 Impressed current anode
1.3.33 Instantaneous off-potential
1.3.34 Insulating joint (isolating joint)
1.3.35 Interference
1.3.36 Interrupter
1.3.37 IR drop
1.3.38 Loop resistance
1.3.39 Overprotection
1.3.40 Polarization
1.3.41 Polarization cell
1.3.42 Polarized potential
1.3.43 Primary structure
1.3.44 Protective potential
1.3.45 Protective current
1.3.46 Reference electrode
1.3.47 Resistance potential
1.3.48 Resistance probe
1.3.49 Silver/silver chloride reference electrode
1.3.50 Stray current
1.3.51 Structure
1.3.52 Structure potential
1.3.53 Structure potential shift
1.3.54 Sulfate-reducing bacteria
1.3.55 Telluric current
1.3.56 Test point
1.3.57 Transformer/rectifier (converter)
1.4 COMPETENCE OF PERSONNEL
SECTION 2 CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION
2.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
2.1.1 Scope
2.1.2 General
2.2 PROTECTION CRITERIA
2.2.1 General
2.2.2 Potential criteria
2.2.3 100 mV polarization decay criterion
2.2.4 Alternative criteria
2.3 OVERPROTECTION
SECTION 3 MEASURING TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT
3.1 GENERAL
3.2 POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT AND EQUIPMENT
3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Positioning of monitoring electrodes
3.2.3 Off-potential measurements
SECTION 4 DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
4.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
4.1.1 Scope
4.1.2 General
4.2 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
4.3 COATED AND UNCOATED STRUCTURES
4.4 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND DISTURBANCES
4.5 TEST POINTS
4.5.1 General
4.5.2 Spacing
4.5.3 Location
4.5.4 In situ reference electrodes
4.6 INSULATING JOINTS (ISOLATING JOINTS)
4.7 ROAD AND RAIL CROSSINGS
4.8 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
4.9 ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY
SECTION 5 DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
5.1.1 Scope
5.1.2 General
5.2 SAFETY HAZARDS
5.3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
5.4 DESIGN DATA
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Structure layout
5.4.3 Cathodic protection current requirements
5.4.4 Environment resistivity
5.4.5 Anode characteristics
5.5 MATERIALS
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 d.c. cables
5.5.3 Test cables
5.5.4 Anodes
5.5.5 Reference electrodes
5.5.6 Electrical isolation joints
5.6 TEST POINTS
5.7 REFERENCES
5.8 ELECTRICAL EARTHING
5.9 GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
SECTION 6 CATHODIC PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO STRAY DIRECT TRACTION CURRENT
6.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
6.1.1 Scope
6.1.2 General
6.2 MINIMIZATION OF STRAY CURRENT EFFECTS
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Minimization of track leakage current at its source
6.2.3 Mitigation of stray current pick-up and discharge from the structure
6.2.4 Mitigation of stray current discharge using traction current drainage
SECTION 7 INSTALLATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
7.1 SCOPE
7.2 APPROVAL TO INSTALL
7.3 INSTALLATION PRACTICE
7.4 INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
7.4.1 General
7.4.2 Anodes
7.4.3 Cables
7.4.4 Transformer-rectifier equipment
7.4.5 Prefabricated insulated joints
7.5 INSTALLATION OF GALVANIC ANODE SYSTEMS
7.5.1 Buried anodes
7.5.2 Immersed anodes
7.6 INSTALLATION OF IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE SYSTEMS
7.6.1 Cabling
7.6.2 Anodes and groundbed
7.6.3 Transformer-rectifier (converter)
7.7 INSTALLATION OF INSULATED FLANGES, JOINTS AND COUPLINGS
SECTION 8 CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE WITH FOREIGN STRUCTURES
8.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8.1.1 Scope
8.1.2 General
8.2 STATUTORY REGULATIONS
8.3 MINIMIZATION OF INTERFERENCE CURRENT
8.3.1 Design of the system
8.3.2 Methods of minimizing interference currents
8.3.3 Detection of interference levels
8.3.4 Control of interference
SECTION 9 COMMISSIONING OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
9.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
9.1.1 Scope
9.1.2 General
9.2 PRE-ENERGIZATION TESTING
9.3 SYSTEM OPERATION AND ADJUSTMENT
9.4 POST-ENERGIZATION TESTS
9.5 RECORDS
9.6 OPERATION MANUALS
SECTION 10 OPERATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
10.1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
10.1.1 Scope
10.1.2 General
10.2 SYSTEM OPERATION CHECKS
10.2.1 Impressed current systems
10.2.2 Galvanic anode installations
10.2.3 Current drainage systems
10.3 STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
10.4 CATHODIC PROTECTION POTENTIAL SURVEYS
10.5 SYSTEM RE-APPROVAL
10.6 RECORDS
SECTION 11 DOCUMENTATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
11.1 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
11.2 COMMISSIONING DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX A - GUIDANCE ON THE GENERAL USE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION
A1 SCOPE
A2 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS
A3 FACTORS AFFECTING THE CORROSION OF BURIED OR PARTIALLY BURIED METALLIC STRUCTURES
A4 TELLURIC EFFECTS
APPENDIX B - THE MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIALS USING THE INSTANTANEOUS OFF-POTENTIAL METHOD
B1 GENERAL
B2 MEASUREMENT OF POLARIZATION POTENTIAL
B3 MEASUREMENT OF STRUCTURE POTENTIAL BY POLARIZED POTENTIAL TECHNIQUES
APPENDIX C - COUPONS AND RESISTANCE PROBES
C1 GENERAL
C2 COUPON
C3 RESISTANCE PROBE
C4 COUPON AND PROBE USE
C5 INSTALLATION
APPENDIX D - CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE OF REFERENCE ELECTRODES
D1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
D1.1 Scope
D1.2 General
D2 CALIBRATION
D3 MAINTENANCE
APPENDIX E - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURES TO ACCOMMODATE CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX F - COATINGS FOR USE WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
F1 GENERAL
F2 COATING PROPERTIES
F3 COATING CHOICE
F4 COATING LIFE
APPENDIX G - ELECTRICAL HAZARDS ON LONG STRUCTURES—INTERACTION WITH CATHODIC PROTECTION
G1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
G1.1 Scope
G1.2 General
G2 HAZARD MECHANISMS
G2.1 General
G2.2 Low frequency induction (LFI) (See Figure G1)
G2.3 Earth potential rise (EPR)
G2.4 Capacitive coupling
G2.5 Lightning
G2.6 Interaction of electrical protection with CP
G3 FARADAY CAGES
G4 OTHER HAZARDS
APPENDIX H - INFORMATION FOR THE DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS
H1 SCOPE
H2 DETERMINATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION CURRENT REQUIREMENTS
H2.1 General
H2.2 Prediction of current requirement from design parameters
H2.3 Determination of current requirement by field test on existing structures
H3 ANODE ARRANGEMENTS
H3.1 General
H3.2 Calculation of appropriate anode/structure separation
H3.3 Anode positioning
H3.4 Anode positioning details
H4 ANODE MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS
H5 GALVANIC ANODES
H6 CALCULATION OF ANODE OUTPUT CURRENT
H7 POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS
H8 BACKFILLS
H8.1 Electronic conduction backfills
H8.2 Electrolytic conduction backfills
H9 PROVISION FOR STRAY CURRENTS
H10 SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX I - EXAMPLE OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN DOCUMENTATION FOR PIPELINES
APPENDIX J - GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS RELATING TO CATHODIC PROTECTION
APPENDIX K - CONTROL OF INTERFERENCE CURRENTS—LIST OF ELECTROLYSIS COMMITTEES
APPENDIX L - STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
L1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGULARITY OF STRUCTURE INSPECTIONS
L2 LOCATION OF TEST POINTS
APPENDIX M - COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE/ELECTROLYTE POTENTIALS OBTAINED WHEN MEASURED WITH VARIOUS REFERENCE ELECTRODES
AS/NZS 2832.1:1998
Online Library subscription information
Online library subscriptions provide a cost-effective solution for organisations of any size to access the latest standards, offering 24/7 access to a personalised catalogue. The service ensures subscribers have have the most up-to-date version of selected standards, incluing automatic updates for any amendments or versions. Pricing is dependent on the chosen standards and the number of concurrent users, with discounts applied from the standards PDF price. For customised subscriptions or further inquiries, contact the Online Library team.